Lecture 3

Atomic Structure and Periodic Law

Prepared by PhD Valentina Yuz’kova

 Atomic History
In 400 BC a Greek philosopher named Democritus suggested the universe was made
of invisible units called atoms.

Dalton (1803) Tomson (1904) (positive Plum Pudding

Marble Model and negative charges) Model

Rutherford (1911)
(the nucleus) Bohr (1913)
The Nuclear Model (energy levels)
The Planetary Model

Schrodinger
(1926) (electron
cloud model)

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 Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803)
In 400 BC a Greek Philosopher named Democritus suggested the
universe was made of invisible units called atoms.

 All matter is made up of small indivisible

atoms.
 All atoms of one element are alike, but they
are different from atoms of other elements.
 Atoms can not be created or destroyed.
 In compounds, atoms join in whole number
ratios.
 In chemical reactions, atoms are combined,
separated, or rearranged.

However, it failed to explain the results of many

experiments, for example, it was known that substances
like glass or ebonite when rubbed with silk or fur generate
very small
electricity.
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 Thomson used the cathode ray tube to help
establish the identity of the electron 1897.

Gives off electrons Magnet - redirected the

Vacuum
electrons- nobody knows why the
magnetic field bends

The discovery would alter Dalton’s model of the atom because now
there is something inside it.
But, in addition to the negatively charged electrons, there must be
something giving it a positive charge because the overall charge of
the atom is neutral (not negative). 4
 Tomson’s Model of the Atom

Plum Pudding Model

These newly discovered electrons must have been balanced by some sort of
positive charge. Thomson proposed a 'plum pudding' model, with positive and
negative charge filling a sphere. Even Thomson's student Rutherford, who later
proved model incorrect, believed it at the time.
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 Rutherford’s model
In 1909, Rutherford performed the Gold Foil Experiment.
In it, he shot alpha particles (very small, very dense,
very fast particles) at a thin layer of gold foil.
He expected all of the
alpha particles will bounce
back.
Actual- some particles
bounced back! 1 in 8000
Rutherford proved that an
atom was mostly empty
space with a very small,
very dense, positively
charged nucleus in it.

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 Ernest Rutherford
The Nucleus and the Proton
The mass is not spread evenly throughout the atom, but is
concentrated in the center, the nucleus.

The positively
charged particles in
the nucleus are
protons.
Electrons (-) are now
outside the nucleus.

Structure of the atom after Rutherford

Planetary Model (published 1911) 7
 BOHR’S MODEL

Danish physicist, Niels Bohr

created a new model of the
atom in 1913.
The orbits of the electrons can't be
just anywhere but are "quantified”;
only certain particular orbits are
permitted for the electron.
Electrons can only gain and lose
energy (electromagnetic
radiation) by jumping from one
allowed orbit to another.

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 Modern Atomic Model
Also known as the
quantum atomic model.
•Describes the atom as mostly
empty space with a tiny massive
nucleus with protons and neutrons
at the center.
•Surrounding the nucleus is a cloudlike region of
electrons moving too fast to describe their location in
space and time.
• Electrons have dual behavior: both particle and
wavelike properties.
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 Structure of the Atom
proton (+)

neutron

10-10 m electrons -
responsible for the
volume and size of
the atom, negatively
charged

nucleus - responsible for the mass

10
-14
m of the atom, positively charged 10
 Subatomic Particles

Example:
Mass number =

X
40
number of protons +
A 20
number of neutrons
Ca
Ca 20
Atomic number =
number of protons
Z 40.08
= number of
electrons
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 Isotopes and average atomic mass
Isotopes- atoms with the same number of protons but
different number of neutrons

Average atomic mass = (fractional abundance of isotope

1)(mass of isotope 1) + (fractional abundance of isotope 2)
(mass of isotope 2) 12
Example:
A sample of cesium is 75% 133Cs, 20% 132Cs,
and 5% 134Cs.

Calculate its average atomic mass?

0.75 x 133 = 99.75

0.20 x 132 = 26.4
0.05 x 134 = 6.7
132.85 amu
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The Periodic Law and the Periodic
Table
Dmitri Mendeleev (in 1869) noticed that as you
list elements in order of atomic mass, there is
a distinct regular variation of their properties.
Mendeleev constructed a periodic table as part
of his effort to systemize chemistry.
Periodic law: the physical and chemical
properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic numbers.

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 Parts of the Periodic Table
• Period (7 periods) - a horizontal row of
elements in the periodic table.
• Group (8 groups) - also called families, and
are columns of elements in the periodic table.
Each group has 2 subgroups (A and B).

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The periodic table is organized to group elements with similar
properties in vertical columns

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Metals, metalloids and nonmetals
Metals- elements on the left side of the table
- alkali metals- metals in group 1A
- alkaline earth metals- metals in group 2A
- transition and inner transition metals- group B,
located in the center of the table
Metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po) - have properties
intermediate to metals and nonmetals
Nonmetals- elements on the right side of the table
- halogens- nonmetals in group 7A
- noble gases- elements in group 8A
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 Classification of Elements
Metals A substance whose atoms tend to lose electrons during chemical
change
Properties:
–High thermal and electrical conductivities
–High malleability and ductility
–Metallic luster
–Solid at room temperature
Nonmetals. A substance whose atoms may gain electrons, forming negative
ions (but nonmetals also can loss electones)
Properties:
–Brittle
–Powdery solids or gases
–Opposite of metal properties
Metalloids (Semimetals)
Properties are somewhat between those of metals and nonmetals 19
 Electron Arrangement and the Periodic Table
The electron arrangement is the primary factor in understanding how atoms
join together to form compounds
• Electron configuration - describes the arrangement of electrons in atoms
• Valence electrons - outermost electrons
– The electrons involved in chemical bonding
• The number of valence electrons is the group number for the
representative elements (elements of A subgroups)
• The period number gives the energy level (n) of the valence shell for all
elements

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 2.5 Electron Arrangement and the Periodic Table
Energy Level
Electron Arrangement by

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 Electronic configuration
– Principle energy levels (n = 1, 2, 3…)
The larger the value of n, the higher the energy level and the farther
away from the nucleus the electrons are.
2.5 Electron Arrangement and the Periodic Table

– Each energy level has one or more sublevels or subshells (s, p, d, f)

The number of sublevels in a principal energy level is equal to n.

Subshells increase in energy:

s<p<d<f

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–Each sublevel contains one or more energetically equal atomic orbitals.
– Atomic orbital - a specific region of a sublevel containing a maximum of
two electrons
–Each type of orbital has a characteristic shape

Number of
Subshell
orbitals
s 1

p 3

d 5

f 7

•Each orbital within a sublevel

contains a maximum of 2 electrons
•When the orbital contains two
electrons, the electrons are said to
be paired.
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 Electron configuration
Electron configuration - the arrangement of
electrons in atomic orbitals.
2.5 Electron Arrangement and the Periodic Table

Electron Filling Order

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
3d 4p 5s 5p 6s 4f
5d 6p 7s

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Arrangement s-,p-,d-,f-elements in Periodic
Table

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 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Orbital Diagrams
Li ↑↓ ↑

1s2 2s1 2p 3s 3p

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
Na
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

Na1+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s 3p

Chapter 3 | Slide 26
 Chemical Properties and Octet Rule
All elements in a subgroup have the same number of electrons in
their outermost (or valence) shell and similar chemical properties.
•The noble gases are extremely stable (called inert as they don’t
readily bond to other elements) due to a full complement of
valence electrons in the outermost s and p sublevels (2 for He and 8
for others).
•Elements in families other than the noble gases are more reactive
Octet rule - elements usually react in such a way as to attain the
electron configuration of the noble gas closest to them in the
periodic table
– Elements on the right side of the table move right to the next
noble gas
– Elements on the left side move “backwards” to the noble gas of
the previous row

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 Ion Formation and the Octet Rule
•Metallic elements tend to form positively charged ions called
cations
•Metals tend to lose all their valence electrons to obtain a
configuration of the noble gas

Na Na+ + e-
Sodium atom Sodium ion
11e-, 1 valence e- 10e-
[Ne]3s1 [Ne]
• Nonmetallic elements, located on the right side of the periodic table,
tend to form negatively charged ions called anions
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons so they become isoelectronic with
its nearest noble gas neighbor located in the same period to the right
O + 2e- O2-
Oxygen atom Oxide ion
8e-, 6 valence e- 10e-
[He]2s22p4 [He]2s22p6 or [Ne]
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Trends in the Periodic Table

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 Atomic Size
• The size of an element increases, moving down
from top to bottom of a group
• The valence shell is higher in energy and
farther from the nucleus traveling down the
group
• The size of an element decreases from left to
right across a period (The increase in magnitude
of positive charge in nucleus pulls the electrons
closer to the nucleus)

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Cations are positively charged atoms that have lost electrons.
They are always smaller than the parent atom.

Anions are negatively charged atoms that have gained

electrons. They are always larger than the parent atom.

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 Ionization Energy and Electonegativity
•Ionization energy - The energy required to
remove an electron from an isolated atom.

•Electonegativity- is the ability of an atom of

an element to attract electrons when the atom
is in a compound.

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