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Analogue To Digital Converter: By: Vishnu Raj R S B

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14 views

Analogue To Digital Converter: By: Vishnu Raj R S B

Uploaded by

vishnurajrajesh2020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

ANALOGUE TO

DIGITAL
CONVERTER
By:
Vishnu Raj R
S3 B
Table of contents

01 Introduction
02 ADC Block diagram
03 Types of ADC
INTRODUCTION
A converter that is used to change the analog signal to digital is known as an analog
to digital converter or ADC converter. This converter is one kind of integrated
circuit or IC that converts the signal directly from continuous form to discrete form.
This converter can be expressed in A/D, ADC, A to D. The inverse function of
DAC is nothing but ADC. The analog to digital converter symbol is shown.

The process of converting an analog signal to digital can be


done in several ways. There are different types of ADC chips available in the
market from different manufacturers like the ADC08xx series. So, a simple ADC
can be designed with the help of discrete components.
SYMBOL
ADC BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram of ADC is shown below which includes sample,


hold, quantize, and encoder. The process of ADC can be done like the
following.
Sample :
In the sample block, the analog signal can be sampled at an exact interval of
time. The samples are used in continuous amplitude and hold real value however they are
discrete with respect to time. While converting the signal, the sampling frequency plays an
essential role. So it can be maintained at a precise rate. Based on the system requirement, the
sampling rate can be fixed.

HOLD :
In ADC, HOLD is the second block and it doesn’t have any function because it
simply holds the sample amplitude till the next sample is taken. So the value of hold doesn’t
change until the next sample.

QUANTIZER :
In ADC, this is the third block which is mainly used for quantization.
The main function of this is to convert the amplitude from continuous (analog) into
discrete. The value of continuous amplitude within hold block moves throughout
quantize block to turn into discrete in amplitude. Now, the signal will be in digital
form because it includes discrete amplitude as well as time.
Encoder
The final block in ADC is an encoder that converts the signal from digital form to binary. We
know that a digital device works by using binary signals. So it is required to change the
signal from digital to binary with the help of an encoder. So this is the entire method to
change an analog signal to digital using an ADC. The time taken for the entire conversion
can be done within a microsecond.
Analog to Digital Conversion
Process

The below figure depicts how analog to digital


conversion takes place. Bit rate decides the
resolution of digitized output and you can observe
in the below figure where 3-bit ADC is used for
converting the analog signal.

Analog to Digital Conversion Process


Analog to Digital Conversion Process
Assume that one-volt signal has to be converted
from digital by using 3-bit ADC as shown below.
Therefore, a total of 2^3=8 divisions are available
for producing 1V output. is 256. And for 3V it is
133 as shown below.
This results 1/8=0.125V is called
as minimum change or
quantization level represented for
each division as 000 for 0V, 001
for 0.125, and likewise upto 111
for 1V. If we increase the bit rates
like 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, etc. we will
get a better precision of the
signal. Thus, bit rate or
quantization gives the smallest
output change in the analog
signal value that results from a
change in the digital
representation.

Suppose if the signal is about 0-


5V and we have used 8-bit ADC
then the binary output of 5V is
256. And for 3V it is 133 as
shown below
There is an absolute chance of misrepresenting the input signal on the output side if it is
sampled at a different frequency than the desired one. Therefore, another important
consideration of the ADC is the sampling rate. The Nyquist theorem states that the acquired
signal reconstruction introduces distortion unless it is sampled at (minimum) twice the rate
of the largest frequency content of the signal as you can observe in the diagram. But this
rate is 5-10 times the maximum frequency of the signal in practice.
TYPES OF ADC
ADC is available in different types and some of the types of analog to digital
converters include:

Dual Slope A/D Converter


Flash A/D Converter
Successive Approximation A/D Converter
Semi-flash ADC
Sigma-Delta ADC
● Pipelined ADC
Dual Slope A/D Converter
In this type of ADC converter, comparison voltage is generated by using
an integrator circuit which is formed by a resistor, capacitor, and
operational amplifier combination. By the set value of Vref, this
integrator generates a sawtooth waveform on its output from zero to the
value Vref. When the integrator waveform is started correspondingly
counter starts counting from 0 to 2^n-1 where n is the number of bits of
ADC.

When the input voltage Vin equal to the voltage of the waveform, then
the control circuit captures the counter value which is the digital value of
the corresponding analog input value. This Dual slope ADC is a
relatively medium cost and slow speed device.
Flash A/D Converter
This ADC converter IC is also called parallel
ADC, which is the most widely used efficient
ADC in terms of its speed. This flash analog
to digital converter circuit consists of a series
of comparators where each one compares the
input signal with a unique reference voltage.
At each comparator, the output will be a high
state when the analog input voltage exceeds
the reference voltage. This output is further
given to the priority encoder for generating
binary code based on higher-order input
activity by ignoring other active inputs. This
flash type is a high-cost and high-speed
device.
Successive Approximation A/D
Converter
The SAR ADC a most modern ADC IC and much
faster than dual slope and flash ADCs since it uses
a digital logic that converges the analog input
voltage to the closest value. This circuit consists of
a comparator, output latches, successive
approximation register (SAR), and D/A
converter.At the start, SAR is reset and as the
LOW to HIGH transition is introduced, the MSB
of the SAR is set. Then this output is given to the
D/A converter that produces an analog equivalent
of the MSB, further it is compared with the analog
input Vin. If comparator output is LOW, then
MSB will be cleared by the SAR, otherwise, the
MSB will be set to the next position. This process
continues till all the bits are tried and after Q0, the
SAR makes the parallel output lines to contain
valid data.
Counter type ADC
The counter-type
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is also
known as the digital ramp ADC. It is
because the output of the counter is fed to a
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC), and
while the counter increments its count, the
output of the DAC increases in ramp fashion
or staircase fashion.
The counter-type ADC uses a counter for
conversion from analogue to digital.

During the start of the conversion, the


output of DAC is zero. So, whatever input
voltage Vin is applied at the positive terminal
of the comparator, the output of the
comparator is high. Since it is high, the
AND gate is enabled and it allows the clock
pulse to pass.
The counter then starts counting the clock pulses. The output of the counter is
fed to the DAC, which computes the decimal equivalent of its binary input.
Now, the output of the DAC VDAC increases in a staircase fashion and it is
continuously compared with the input V in. As long as Vin > VDAC, the counter
keeps counting.
The moment Vin < VDAC, the comparator output is low, and AND gate is
disabled, therefore blocking the clock pulses. Also, the control block notices this
transition and puts a low signal in the clear pin of the counter, thereby resetting
it. Simultaneously, the last output of the counter is latched and this is the digital
binary output of the given input voltage.
So, the basic principle of operation of the counter-type ADC is to keep counting
the number of clock pulses till the input is greater than the DAC output and the
moment DAC output is greater than the input, the counter is reset and the last
count is latched and given as output.
THANKYOU

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