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Random Variables and Probability Distributions

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Vladdimer Jr. E. Boteros
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46 views

Random Variables and Probability Distributions

Uploaded by

Vladdimer Jr. E. Boteros
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Random Variables and Probability

Distributions

Statistics and Probability


-Mrs. Jamero
Lesson Objectives

The learner will…

a. illustrates a random variable (discrete and


continuous);
b. distinguishes between a discrete and a
continuous random variable;
c. finds the possible values of a random
variable;
Introduction

Decision-making
STATISTICS
Definition:

INTERPRETATION

STATISTICS

COLLECTION ANALYSIS

ORGANIZATION

Statistics is the discipline that


concerns the collection,
PRESENTATION organization, analysis,
interpretation, and
presentation of data.
EXPERIMENT
 Any activity which can be done repeatedly
under similar conditions.
Example:
1. Tossing of Coins
2. Rolling a Die.
3. Drawing a Card.
List the sample space of the following
experiments.

Experiment Sample Space

 Tossing three coins

 Rolling a die and tossing


a coin simultaneously

 Drawing a spade from a


deck of cards
Random Variable

It is a function
that associates a
real number to
each element in
the sample
space.
 It is a variable
whose values
are determined
by chance.
Tossing Three Coins
Supposed three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of tails
that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y.
Complete the table below.
Value of the Random Variable
Possible Outcomes Y
(number of tails)
Tossing Three Coins
Supposed three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of tails
that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y.
Complete the table below.
Value of the Random Variable
Possible Outcomes Y
(number of tails)
HHH 0

HHT 1

HTH 1

HTT 2

THH 1

THT 2

TTH 2

TTT 3
DEFECTIVE CELLPHONE

Supposed three cellphones are tested


at random. We want to find out the
number of defective cell phones that
occur. Thus, to each outcome in the
sample space we shall assign a value.
These are 0, 1, 2, or 3. The number of
defective cell phones is a random
variable. The possible values of this
random variable are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Illustration:
Let D represent the defective cell phone and N
represent the non-defective cell phone. If we let X
be the random variable representing the number of
defective cell phones. Complete the table below to
show the values of the random variable.
Value of the Random Variable
Possible Outcomes/Sample (X)
Space (number of defective cell
phones)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3
Real-Life Problem

Solution:
The number of TV shows can be described using whole
numbers. That is, can take on the values 0, 1, 2, 3, and
so on.
Q&A

Answer the following questions.


1. How many chairs do you have at home?
2. How many real friend/s do you have now?
3. How much coin/s you have on your coin
purse/wallet right now?
4. How tall are you?
5. How heavy are you?
Two types of random variables:
Discrete Random Variable

A random variable is a discrete random


variable if its set of possible outcomes is
countable. Mostly, discrete random
variables represent count data, such as
number of defective chairs produced in a
factory.
1. How many chairs do you have at home?
2. How many friends do you have now?
3. How much coin/s you have on your coin
purse/wallet right now?
Continuous Random Variable

A random variable is a continuous


random variable if it takes on values on a
continuous scale. Often, continuous
random variables represent measured
data, such as heights, weights, and
temperatures.
4. How tall are you?
5. How heavy are you?
Real-Life Problem
Solution
The random variables in the problem are the
following:
 number of steel materials
The number of steel materials can be counted
using whole numbers. Thus, it is a discrete random
variable.
 sacks of cement
The sacks of cement can be counted using whole
numbers. Thus, it is a discrete random variable.
 hollow blocks
The number of hollow blocks can be counted using
whole numbers. Thus, it is a discrete random
variable.
 length of electrical wires
Decimals can be used to describe
the length of an electrical wire such as
75.4 meters or 97.9 meters. Thus, it is a
continuous random variable.
 length of pipes
This is similar to the length of
electrical wires. It is a continuous random
variable.
Lesson Objectives
The learner will…

a. illustrates a probability distribution for a


discrete random variable and its
properties; and M11/12SP-IIIa-4
b. computes probabilities corresponding to a
given random variable. M11/12SP-IIIa-6
Probability is the chance of
something happening.
What is the probability of the
following events:
1. Getting an even number in a
single roll of die.
2. Getting an ace when a card is
drawn from a deck.
3. Getting a red queen when a card is
drawn from a deck.
Discrete Probability
Distribution

probability mass function


consists of the values a
random variable can assume
and the corresponding
probabilities of the values.
Number of Tails
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of tails
that occur. Find the probability of each of the
values of the random variable Y.
Solution
Steps:
1. Determine the sample space. Let H represent
head and T represent tail.
2. Count the number of tails in each outcome in
the sample space and assign this number to
this outcome.
3. Assign probability values P(Y) to each value of
the random variable.
Possible Value of the Probability
Outcomes/ Random P(Y)
Sample Space Variable Y
(number of
tails)

TTT 3

TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒔
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐏 ( 𝐘 )=
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
The Probability Distribution or the Probability Mass
Function of Discrete Random Variable Y of the
number of tail is presented in the table below.

Number of Tails (Y) 0 1 2 3


Probability P(Y)
Number of Blue Balls
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 red balls
and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue balls. Construct
the probability distribution of the random variable
Z.
Possible Value of the Probability P(Z)
Outcomes/ Random Variable
Sample Space Z (number of blue
balls)
RR 0

RB 1
BR 1
BB 2
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒔
𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐏 ( 𝐙 )=
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
The Probability Distribution or the Probability Mass
Function of Discrete Random Variable Z of the
number of blue balls is presented in the table
below.

Number of blue 0 1 2
balls (Z)
Probability P(Z)
Numbers of Defective Cell Phones
Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. Let D
represent the defective cell phone and let N represent the
non-defective cell phone. If we let X be the random variable
for the number of defective cell phones, construct the
probability distribution of the random variable X.
Possible Value of the Probability P(_)
Outcomes/ Random Variable _
Sample Space (__________ )
Note: Please create
your own table here.
NOTE:

To know if the distribution represents


a probability distribution, add the
probability if the result is 1 the
distribution represents a probability
distribution.
Real-Life Problem
Solution:
Based on the above observations, the random
variable can take on the values 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Using the relative frequency approach in assigning
probabilities, we can have the following probability
distribution for the random variable X.

X 0 1 2 3 4

P(X)

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