AI Project Cycle

9 Marks
Problem Scoping

▪ Problem Scoping: This process involves recognizing and defining problems clearly and
developing a vision or plan to address them effectively.
▪ Lack of Observable Problems: Sometimes, it can be challenging to identify problems in
our immediate environment.
▪ Reference to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): In such cases, the SDGs provide a
structured framework for identifying global challenges and areas needing improvement.
▪ Introduction to SDGs: The United Nations has outlined 17 goals, known as the Sustainable
Development Goals, focusing on various aspects of sustainable development.
▪ Target Year 2030: The aim is to achieve these goals by the year 2030, addressing issues
such as poverty, inequality, and environmental sustainability.
▪ Global Commitment: All member nations of the United Nations have committed to
working towards these goals, demonstrating a collective effort to improve global well-
being and sustainability.
4W

▪ Who?
– Who are the stakeholders?
– What do you know about them?

▪ What?
– What is the problem?
– How do you know it is a problem?

▪ Where?
– What is the context/situation in which the stakeholders experience the problem?

▪ Why?
– What would be of key value to the stakeholders?
– How would it improve their situation?
Data Acquisition

▪ The second stage involves gathering data for the project.

▪ Understanding Data: Data refers to information, facts, and statistics collected
for reference or analysis.
▪ Importance for AI Projects: Data is essential for training AI systems to make
accurate predictions.
▪ Example of Salary Prediction: To create an AI system that predicts an
employee's salary, you need to provide data on their previous salaries.
▪ Training and Testing Data:
▪ Training Data: Data used to train the AI system (e.g., previous salaries).
▪ Testing Data: Data used to test the AI system's predictions (e.g., predicted next
salary).
Data Features

▪ Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect.

▪ After mentioning the Data features, you get to know what sort of
data is to be collected. Now, the question arises- From where can we
get this data? There can be various ways in which you can collect
data. Some of them are:
Data Exploration

▪ Complexity of Data: Data is often complex and filled with numbers,

requiring pattern recognition to make sense of it.
▪ Analogy: Similar to quickly skimming a book to see if it suits your
needs, data needs to be reviewed and understood.
▪ Need for Data Visualization: Visualizing data helps in:
– Quickly identifying trends, relationships, and patterns.
– Defining a strategy for choosing the appropriate model.
– Effectively communicating findings to others.

▪ Methods: Various visual representations can be used to visualize

data.
Modelling

▪ The ability to mathematically describe the relationship between

parameters is the heart of every AI model. Thus, whenever we talk
about developing AI models, it is the mathematical approach
towards analyzing data which we refer to.
 Rule Based Approach
▪ Refers to the AI modelling where the rules are defined by the developer. The machine follows the rules
or instructions mentioned by the developer and performs its task accordingly. For example, we have a
dataset which tells us about the conditions on the basis of which we can decide if an elephant may be
spotted or not while on safari. The parameters are: Outlook, Temperature, Humidity and Wind.
▪ we fed the data along with rules to the machine and the machine after getting trained on them is now
able to predict answers for the same.
▪ A drawback/feature for this approach is that the learning is static.
▪ The machine once trained, does not take into consideration any changes made in the original training
dataset.
▪ That is, if you try testing the machine on a dataset which is different from the rules and data you fed it
at the training stage, the machine will fail and will not learn from its mistake.
▪ Once trained, the model cannot improvise itself on the basis of feedbacks. Thus, machine learning
gets introduced as an extension to this as in that case, the machine adapts to change in data and rules
and follows the updated path only, while a rule-based model does what it has been taught once.
Learning Based Approach

▪ The AI model gets trained on the data fed to it and then is able to
design a model which is adaptive to the change in data.
▪ That is, if the model is trained with X type of data and the machine
designs the algorithm around it, the model would modify itself
according to the changes which occur in the data so that all the
exceptions are handled in this case.
▪ After training, the machine is now fed with testing data.
▪ This is the machine learning approach which introduces the
dynamicity in the model.
Learning Based Approach
Supervised Learning

▪ In a supervised learning model, the dataset which is fed to the

machine is labelled.
▪ In other words,
▪ the dataset is known to the person who is training the machine only
then he/she can label the data. A label is some information which can
be used as a tag for data.
Supervised Learning

Classification Regression
▪ Where the data is classified ▪ Such models work on
according to the labels. continuous data.
▪ This model works on discrete
dataset.
Unsupervised Learning

▪ An unsupervised learning model works on unlabelled dataset.

▪ This means that the data which is fed to the machine is random and
there is a possibility that the person who is training the model does
not have any information regarding it.
▪ The unsupervised learning models are used to identify relationships,
patterns and trends out of the data which is fed into it.
▪ It helps the user in understanding what the data is about and what
are the major features identified by the machine in it.
▪ Unsupervised learning models can be further divided into two
categories:
Clustering

▪ Refers to the unsupervised

learning algorithm which can
cluster the unknown data
according to the patterns or
trends identified out of it.
▪ The patterns observed might be
the ones which are known to the
developer or it might even come
up with some unique patterns out
of it.
Dimensionality Reduction

▪ We humans are able to visualise upto 3-Dimensions only but

according to a lot of theories and algorithms, there are various
entities which exist beyond 3-Dimensions.
▪ For example, in Natural language Processing, the words are
considered to be N-Dimensional entities.
▪ Which means that we cannot visualise them as they exist beyond our
visualisation ability. Hence, to make sense out of it, we need to
reduce their dimensions. Here, dimensionality reduction algorithm is
used.
Evaluation

▪ Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go through

proper testing so that one can calculate the efficiency and
performance of the model.
▪ Hence, the model is tested with the help of Testing Data (which was
separated out of the acquired dataset at Data Acquisition stage) and
the efficiency of the model is calculated on the basis of the
parameters mentioned below:
Neural Networks

▪ Neural networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the

human brain behave.
▪ The key advantage of neural networks are that they are able to
extract data features automatically without needing the input of the
programmer.
▪ A neural network is essentially a system of organizing machine
learning algorithms to perform certain tasks.
▪ It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which the dataset is
very large, such as in images.
Features of Neural Network