Mod 1

CET 306- DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES
Mohammed Shafeeque V
Asst Professor
Civil Department
EKC TC
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN (End semester
examination)
• Maximum Marks : 100 Exam Duration: 3 Hrs
• Part A -Module I & II : 2 questions out of 3
questions carrying 15 marks each
• Part B - Module III : One question out of 2 questions
carrying 50 marks ; with weightage for design as 25
marks and sketching of two views of design
specified in question : 25 marks
• Part C - Module IV & V : 2 questions out of 3
questions carrying 10 marks each.
Module 1
• Diversion head works- components and

functions, Weir –types and Causes of failure.
Impervious floor of hydraulic structures - Bligh’s
theory. Design of vertical drop weir. Design of
impervious floor by Khoslas Theory.
Module 2
• Canal- types, cross section of unlined canals-
canal alignment- Design of canals through
alluvial soils-Kennedy’s theory and Lacey’s
theory.
• Cross drainage works-Types, selection of
suitable type
• Canal falls-necessity, classification.
Module 3
• Design and Drawing of the following hydraulic
structures:
1. Aqueduct (Type III)
2. Syphon Aqueduct (Type III)
3. Canal Fall (Trapezoidal Notch type)
4. Sarda Type Fall (Trapezoidal crest)
5. Cross Regulator (Floor design Using Khoslas
Theory)
Module 4
• Dams-Types, Gravity dam – selection of site-
forces acting - stability analysis and modes of
failure – Principal and shear stresses-
Problems - Elementary profile –limiting height
of gravity dams-high and low dams- Practical
profiles, Functions of various components
shafts, keys, water stops, and different types
of gallery, Grouting. Instrumentation in dams
(Concept only).
Module 5
• Arch dams-types, methods for design (list
only)-Thin cylinder theory. Earth dams-types,
causes for failure and design criteria.
• Spillways-Types. Effective length of spillway-
Ogee type spillway-profile. Energy dissipation
below spillways - Stilling basins- Indian
standard Type I and Type II (design not
necessary).
Internal Evaluation
• The marks for assignment shall be awarded
based on the submission of drawings.
Text Books
1. Sathyanarayana MC, Water Resources Engg –

Principles and Practise, New Age International
Publishers, 2009
2. Garg S.K, Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic
Structures, Khanna Publishers, 2006.
3. Modi. P. N., Irrigation Water Resources and Water
Power Engineering, Standard Book House, 2009.
4. Punmia B.C. Ashok K Jain, Arun K Jain, B. B. L Pande,
Irrigation and Water Power Engineering, Laxmi
Publications (P) Ltd. 2010.
•
MODULE 1
DIVERSION HEAD WORKS
INTRODUCTION
Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the
off-taking canal is called a headwork. Headwork may
be divided into two
1.Storage headwork
2.Diversion headwork
Storage headwork
• A Storage headwork comprises the construction of a dam on
the river.
• It stores water during the period of excess supplies and
releases it when demand overtakes available supplies.
• These serves for multipurpose function like hydro- electric
power generation, flood control, fishery etc..
Diversion headwork
• A diversion headwork serves to divert the required
supply to canal from the river.
• Weir or barrage is a structure constructed across a
river for the purpose of raising water level in the
river so that it can be diverted into the offtaking
canals.
• Flow of water in the canal is controlled by canal head
regulator.
Objective of Diversion Head Works
• To rise the water level at the head of the canal.
• It regulates the supply of water into canals.
• It creates a small pond (not reservoir) on its
upstream and provides some pondage
• To control the entry of silt into the canal and to
control the deposition of silt at the head of the
canal
• To control the fluctuation of water level in the
river during different seasons
Selection of Site for Diversion Head
Works
• At the site, the river should be straight and narrow
• The river banks should be well defined.
• The valuable land should not be submerged when the weir or
barrage is constructed.
• The elevation of the site should be much higher than the area to
be irrigated.
• The canals taking off from the diversion head works should be
quite economical and should have a large commanded area.
• The site should be easily accessible by roads or railways.
• The materials of construction should be available in vicinity of the
site.
• Good foundation should be available at the site
• The site should not be far away from the command area of the
project, to avoid transmission loss.
• The overall cost of the project should be a minimum.
Components of a diversion headwork
Components
• Weir or barrage
• Divide wall
• Fish ladder
• Pocket or approach channel
• Under sluices or scouring sluices
• Silt excluder
• Canal head regulator
• River training works, such as marginal bunds,
guide banks
Weir and Barrage
• It is a barrier constructed across the river to raise the water
level on the upstream side of the obstruction in order to
feed the main canal.
• The ponding of water can be achieved either only by a
raised crest across the river or by a raised crest
supplemented by gates or shutters, working over the crest.
• A weir is a raised concrete crest wall constructed across the
river. It may be provided with small shutters (gates) on its
top
• A barrage has a low crest wall with high gates.
Divide wall
• A divide wall is a wall constructed parallel to the
direction of flow of river to separate the weir
section and the undersluices section to avoid
cross flows.
• The divide wall is a long wall constructed at right
angles in the weir or barrage, it may be
constructed with stone masonry or cement
concrete. On the upstream side, the wall is
extended just to cover the canal head regulator
and on the downstream side, it is extended up to
the launching apron.
The main functions of the divide walls:
• It separates the ‘under-sluices’ with lower crest
level from the ‘weir proper’ with higher crest level.
• It helps in providing a comparatively less turbulent
pocket near the canal head regulator, resulting in
deposition of silt in this pocket and, thus, to help in
the entry of silt-free water into the canal.
• It helps to keep cross-current, if any, away from the
weir.
• It serves as one of the side of the fish ladder
Fish ladder
• Due to construction of weir or barrage, the movement of gets
obstructed, and is detrimental to the fishes.
• A fish ladder is a passage provided adjacent to the divide wall on the weir
side for the fish to travel from the upstream to the downstream and vice
versa.
• In a fish ladder the head is gradually dissipated so as to provide smooth
flow at sufficiently low velocity. In the fish ladder, the baffles walls are
constructed in a zigzag manner so that the velocity of flow within the
ladder does not exceed 3 m/sec
Fish Ladder
Fish Ladder
Under sluices
• Also known as scouring sluices.
• The under sluices are the openings provided at the base of
the weir or barrage. It maintain a deep channel in front of
the head regulator.
• These openings are provided with adjustable gates. Normally,
the gates are kept closed.
• The suspended silt goes on depositing in front of the canal
head regulator
• When the silt deposition becomes appreciable the gates are
opened and the deposited silt is loosened with an agitator
mounting on a boat.
• The muddy water flows towards the downstream through the
scouring sluices.
• The gates are then closed. But, at the period of flood, the
gates are kept opened.
The main functions of under-
sluices are:
• To maintain a well defined deep channel
approaching the canal head regulator.
• To ensure easy diversion of water into the canal
through the canal head regulator even during low
flow.
• To control the entry of silt into the canal
• To help scouring and of the silt deposited over
the under-sluice floor and removing towards the
downstream side.
• To help passing the low floods without dropping
the shutters of the weir.
Canal Head Regulator or Head sluices
• A structure which is constructed at the head of
the canal to regulate flow of water is known as
canal head regulator.
• It consists of a number of spans separated by
piers and operated by gates similar to that
provided in barrage.
• A platform is provided on the top of the piers for
the facility of operating the gates.
• Again some piers are constructed on the down
stream side of the canal head to support the
roadway.
Functions of Canal Head
Regulator:
• it regulates the supply of water entering the
canal
• It controls the entry of silt in the canal
• It prevents the river-floods from entering the
canal
Silt Excluders
• Silt excluders are those works which are
constructed on the bed of the river, upstream
of the head regulator.
• The clearer water enters the head regulator
and silted water enters the silt excluder.
• In this type of works, the silt is, therefore,,
removed from the water before in enters the
canal.
Silt Ejectors
• Silt ejectors, also called silt extractors, are
those devices which extract the silt from the
canal water after the silted water has
travelled a certain distance in the off-take
canal.
• These works are, therefore, constructed on
the bed of the canal, and little distance
downstream from the head regulator.
River training works
• River training works are required near the weir
site in order to ensure a smooth and an axial flow
of water, and thus, to prevent the river from
outflanking the works due to a change in its
course.
• The river training works required on a canal
headwork are:
(a)Guide banks
(b)Marginal bunds
Guide Bank
• When a barrage is constructed across a river which

flows through the alluvial soil, the guide banks must
be constructed on both the approaches to protect the
structure from erosion
Guide bank serves the following purposes:
• It protects the barrage from the effect of scouring and
erosion.
• It provides a straight approach towards the barrage.
• It controls the tendency of changing the course of the
river.
Marginal Bunds
• The marginal bunds are earthen
embankments which are constructed parallel
to the river bank on one or both the banks
according to the condition.
• The top width is generally 3 m to 4 m.
• The side slope on the river side is generally
1.5: 1 and that on the country side is 2:1.
purposes
• It prevents the flood water or storage water
from entering the surrounding area which
may be submerged or may be water logged.
• It retains the flood water or storage water
within a specified section.
• It protects the towns and villages from
devastation during the heavy flood.
• It protects valuable agricultural lands.
WEIR AND BARRAGE
WEIR
• A weir is a raised concrete crest wall constructed
across the river. It may be provided with small
shutters (gates) on its top.
• The bed level of the canal may be higher than the
existing water level of the river. In such cases
weir is constructed across the river to raise the
water level.
• Surplus water pass over the crest of weir.
• Adjustable shutters are provided on the crest to
raise the water level to some required height
TYPES OF WEIRS
The weirs may be broadly divided into the
following types
(i) Vertical drop weirs.
(ii) Rockfill weirs.
(iii) Concrete glacis or sloping weirs.
Gravity and Non-gravity weirs:
• When the weight of the weir (i.e. its body and
floor) balances the uplift pressure caused by the
head of the water seeping below the weir, it is
called a gravity weir.
• On the other hand, if the weir floor is designed
continuous with the divide piers as reinforced
structure, such that the weight of concrete slab
together with the weight of divide piers keep the
structure safe against the uplift then the
structure may be called as a non-gravity weir.
Vertical drop weirs
• A vertical drop weir consists of a masonry wall
with a vertical (or nearly vertical) downstream
face and a horizontal concrete floor
• The shutters are provided at the crest
• The water is ponded upto the top of the shutters
during the rest of the period.
• The vertical drop weir is suitable for hard clay
foundation as well as consolidated gravel
foundations
• The upstream and downstream cutoff walls (or
piles) are provided upto the scour depth.
Rockfill weirs
• In a rockfill type weir, in addition to the main weir wall,
there are a number of core walls. The space between
the core walls is filled withthe fragments of rock (called
rockfill).
• The rock-fill portion is constructed with boulders
forming a slope of 1 in 4 on upstream and 1 in 20 on
downstream.
• A rockfill weir is economical only when a huge quantity
of rockflll is easily available near the weir site.
• It is suitable for fine sand foundation. The old Okhla
Weir across the Yamuna river is a rockfill weir..
Concrete glacis or sloping weirs
• The crest has glacis (sloping floors) on upstream as well as
downstream.
• There are sheet piles (or cut off walls) driven upto the
maximum scour depth at the upstream and downstream ends
of the concretefloor. Sometimes an intermediate pile is also
driven at the beginning of the upstream glacis or at the end of
downstream glacis.
• The main advantage of a sloping weir over the vertical drop
weir is that a hydraulic jump is formed on the d/s glacis for
the dissipation of energy.
• Therefore, the sloping weir is quite suitable for large drops.
Barrage
• A barrage has a low crest wall with high gates.
• As the height of the crest above the river bed
is low most of the ponding is done by gates.
• During the floods the gates are opened so
afflux is very small and, therefore, the
submerged area is less
Difference between Barrage and Weir
Causes of Failure of Weir
• Surface Flow
– Due to excess turbuluent discharge failure occurs
above the river bed level
• Sub surface flow
– Piping/ undermining
– Uplift pressure
Piping
• If water percolating below the foundation has
sufficient force when it reaches the d/s end of
the floor it may lift soil particles @ the end of
the floor
• The process of erosion extends backwards
gradually towards the u/s side end results in soil
particles. This later develops in the form of a pipe
below the floor, and subsequently results in failure
Uplift pressure
• As the percolated water reaches below the
foundation it exerts an upward pressure on
the base of floor known as uplift pressure
• If the uplift pressure becomes greater than
the weight of the floor, then the weir fails by
rupture
To prevent uplift
• Provide sufficient thickness of impervious
floor
• Provide sheet piles on the upstream end of
the floor.
Blighs creep Theory
• Assumptions-
• 1) The percolating water creeps or sweeps
along the base profile of impervious floor
• The length of the base travelled by the
percolating water is called length of creep
Assumption 2
• Seepage head loss per unit length of creep
(hydraulic gradient) is constant throughout
the length i.e., head loss is proportional to the
length of creep.
• H/L= constant
• For point P, length of creep Lp, then
Head Loss= H/L*Lp
Residual Head @ P, h= H-(H/L*Lp)
Assumption 3
• There is no difference between horizontal and
vertical creep
For no piping Failure ( as per Blighs
Theory)
• L > CH
• C- Blighs creep coefficient
• H- seepage head, difference between
upstream and downstream ends
For no uplift pressure ( As per
Blighs Theory)
• Weight > Uplift
• Gɤwt > ɤw(h+t)
• Tmin= h/(G-1)
• Tdesign = 4/3*h/(G-1)
Limitations of Blighs Theory
• No difference between horizontal and vertical creep
• According to Bligh, the head loss is directly proportional
to creep length, but it is not true as observed by khosla
• No difference between outer/inner faces of piles and
short and long intermediate piles
• Did not specify the need of providing a cut off pile @ d/s
end
• Did not initiate any significance of exit gradient(i.e.,
hydraulic gradient @ exit.
Problem
• Figure shows the section of hydraulic structure
founded on sand. Calculate the average hydraulic
gradient. Also find the uplift pressures at points
6,12, and 18m from the u/s end of the floor and
find the thickness of the floor at these points taking
ρ= 2.24
Solution
• Total length of creep= (2*6)+(22)+(2*8)= 50
• Hydraulic gradient= 4/50= 1/12.5= 0.18
Uplift pressure at point A, 6m from
upstream
• Length of creep upto A= (2*6)+6= 18m
• Unbalanced head,h1=
for creep length 50m, head= 4m,
so for creep length 1m, head= 4/50= 0.08
Then for creep length, head= 18*0.08= 1.44m
So unbalanced head,h1= 4-1.44= 2.56m
• uplift pressure= w*h1= 9.81*2.56= 25.11kN/m2
• Thickness,t= 4/3*h/G-1 = (4/3)*2.56/(2.24-1)=2.76m
Uplift pressure at point B, 12m
from upstream
• Length of creep upto B= (2*6)+12= 24m
Thickness,t= 4/3*h/G-1 = (4/3)*2.08/(2.24-1)=2.23m
Uplift pressure at point C, 18m from
u/s
• Thickness,t= 4/3*h/G-1 = (4/3)*1.6/(2.24-1)=2.23m
Problem- Sept 2020
• A hydraulic structure built on fine sand has the
following details:
• Total length of the floor = 29 m, a weir at 6 m from
u/s end, effective head of water 4 m, sheet pile at
u/s end 5 m deep, sheet pile at d/s end 6 m deep,
intermediate piles of 3 m depth at 12 m from u/s
end. Determine: a) Average hydraulic gradient, b)
Uplift pressures at points A = 6 m, and B = 20 m
from upstream end and corresponding thicknesses
of floor using Bligh’s theory. Specific gravity of floor
material is 2.24.
Solution
• Total length of creep= (2*5)+(12)+(2*3)+(29-
12)+(2*6)= 57
upstream
• Length of creep upto A= (2*5)+6= 16m
• Thickness,t= 4/3*h/G-1 = (4/3)*2.88/(2.24-1)=3.09m
from upstream
• Length of creep upto B= (2*5)+12+(2*3)+(20-12)=
36m
• Thickness,t= 4/3*h/G-1 = (4/3)*1.48/(2.24-1)=1.59m
Problem- Dec 2019
• Two end sheet piles of length 6m and 8m are
provided below an impervious floor of 25m length.
Total head created on the floor is 5m. Calculate the
average hydraulic gradient. Also find the uplift
pressures at points 6, 12 and 18m from the u/s end
of the floor and find the thickness of the floor at
these points using Bligh’s creep theory. Take
specific gravity of concrete as 2.25.
Figure
Solution
• Total length of creep= (2*6)+(25)+(2*8)= 53
upstream
• Length of creep up to A= (2*6)+6= 18m
• Thickness,t= 4/3*h/G-1 = (4/3)*3.38/(2.24-1)=3.63m
from upstream
Thickness,t= 4/3*h/G-1 = (4/3)*2.84/(2.24-1)=3.05m
Uplift pressure at point C, 18m from
u/s
• Length of creep upto C= (2*6)+18= 30m
• Thickness,t= 4/3*h/G-1 = (4/3)*2.3/(2.24-1)=2.47m
Khoslas Theory
Conclusions
• Outer faces are more effective than the inner
sides and horizontal length of the floor
• Intermediate piles of small length were
ineffective
• Piping or undermining starts from tail end
• Deep vertical cutoff @ d/s
Khoslas Theory
• Provided a complete solution of the problem based on
potential flow theory and Schwartz Christoffel equation.
• Starting with simple horizontal floor
• Flow along stream lines
• Follows Laplace Equation
• Obtained Uplift pressure at various points
• There must be a d/s pile and exit gradient should be
safe
• Thickness should be adequate to resist uplift pressure
khosla
• Resultant flow diagram showing both the sets
of curve is called flow net
• Streamline represent the path along which the
water flows through the sub soil
• Equipotential line represents line joining
points of equal residual head
Blighs Theory Khoslas Theory
Water creeps along the bottom contour of the Seepage water does not creep along the
structure bottom contour
Loss of head of seeping water is linear Loss of head of seeping water depends upon
the profile of weir flow, cutoff, slope , etc
Seeping water follows the path along the path Seeping water follows parabolic or streamline
along the surface in contact with the underside path
of the impervious floor profile
Did not give any significance to the pile at d/s Considered the provision of pile @ d/s end of
end weir as a must
In order to prevent underminning, reduction of Khosla replied upon exit gradient for prevent
hydraulic gradient was considered adequate underminning
measure
Khoslas method of independent
variables for determination of pressure
and exit gradient for seepage below
weir or a barrage
• For designing hydraulic structures, simple, accurate
approach
• According to this theory, a composite profile is split
into a number of simple elementary standard forms
for which mathematical solution can easily be
obtained
• Each elementary form is then treated independent
of the other and the pressures at its key points are
obtained from the solution already available.
• Then the solutions of these elementary forms
are superimposed to obtain the pressure
distribution at the key points of the entire
structure
• The uplift pressure obtained from the
superposition of the individual forms are to be
corrected because the individual pressures
have been obtained based on the assumptions
Assumptions
• The floor is of negligible thickness
• There is only one pile line
• The floor is horizontal
In actual profile above assumptions are
not satisfied, corrections have to be applied to
the superposed values of the uplift pressures
corrections
• Correction for thickness of floor
• Correction for mutual interference of piles
• Correction for slope of floor
Thus the corrected pressure at the key
points of all the piles are determined. The uplift
at any point on the floor between two pile lines
is obtained by linear interpolation of the
pressures at the key points of these two piles
Elementary Forms
• A straight horizontal floor in negligible
thickness with a sheet pile at the d/s end
• A straight horizontal floor in negligible
thickness with a sheet pile at the u/s end
• A straight floor in negligible thickness with a
sheet pile at some intermediate point
• A straight horizontal thick floor depressed
below the bed but with a sheet pile
Uplift Pressure- Floor with d/s pile
Uplift Pressure- Floor with u/s pile
Uplift Pressure- Floor with
intermediate pile
Exit gradient
Correction for mutual interferance
Problem
• Figure shows the section of a barrage. The
various dimensions and levels are in metres.
Determine the uplift pressure at the key
points, and the exit gradient. Also find the
whether the section is safe against uplift and
piping if it is founded on fine sand with
permissible exit gradient of 1/6.
For upstream pile no:1
correction
For intermediate pile 2
• d=105-97=8m
• b=54m
• α=b/d=54/8=6.75
• b1=
Problem-2018 april
• Using Khosla’s theory ,determine the pressure at C1 with interference correction(Use
Khosla’s curves)
Design of vertical drop weir
• Hydraulic calculations for fixing various
elevations
• Design of weir wall
• Design of impervious aprons
• Design of inverted filter and d/s talus
Hydraulic calculations
• (a) Maximum likely flood discharge (Q).
• (b) Level upto which water reaches during
floods (HFL).
• (c) Full supply level of the canal taking off
from the river.
• (d) Allowable rise in water level due to weir
i.e. afflux.
• (e) Lacey’s silt factor (f).
Laceys silt factor
• Lacey’s silt factor for the soil, through which
canal and river are running, is found out by
formula f = 1.76 √ (mr)
where mr is the mean particle diameter of silt in
millimetres.
Value off varies from 0.50 to as much as 1.50.
Its value is less for finer silt and more for
coarser silt or sand.
Length of the water way
• or in other words length of the weir (L) is
found out from Lacey’s following regime
formula –
• L = 4.75 √Q
Where L = Length of the weir in metres.
Q = Discharge in cumecs.
Discharge per metre length (q)
• of the weir from relation q = Q/L.
scour depth
Regime velocity (V) and velocity
head
• Reservoir level at the back of weir= level of top of
gates= F.S.L. of canal + head loss through regulator.
• Loss of head through regulator may be taken
anything between 0.50 m to 1 m.
• Height of gates = (g) = Level of top of gates – crest
level.
• (xi) Level of bottom of U/S pile U/S H.F.L. – 1.5 R.
• (xii) Level of bottom of D/S pile D/S H.F.L. after
retrogation – 2R.
Design of Weir Wall
• (i) Top Width:
• (ii) Bottom Width:
(i) Top Width:
Top width
• Top width should be greater of the three
values given as follows:
• Where g is the height of shutter fitted over the

crest of the wall.
(ii) Bottom Width:
• It is calculated by equating overturning moment
(M0) to the resisting moments (Mr) taken about the
outer third point of the base. There can be three
states of flow
• Water filled upto crest level or upto top of crest of
gates if provided
• Water passing over the crest and weir is
submerged
• Water is passing over the weir crest but water level
on D/L side is below the crest level
Design of Impervious Floor of the
Weir Wall
• The critical condition for maximum percolation
will exist when water is filled upto top of the crest
gates and there is no tail water level. In this case
maximum percolation head is Hs.
• Length of impervious floor (L) according to the
Bligh’s theory is L = CHS.
• If Khosla’s theory is to be used, length of
horizontal impervious apron is found out by
considering safe exit gradient GE.
• Out of total length of impervious apron which
is L in case of Bligh’s theory and b in case of
Khosla’s theory, some minimum length has to
be provided on D/S side. The remaining length
of pucca apron is provided below the weir and
U/S of the weir wall. Bligh gave following
relations for floor lengths. He divided length
of the floor in three length l1, l2 and l3
4. Design of Inverted Filter:
• An inverted filter is invariably provided in
continuation at the end of D/S end of the
impervious apron. Its main purpose is to relieve
the pressure of seeping water. No design
calculations are necessary. It consists of stone
blocks 90 cm to 1 m thick placed over 50 to 75
cm thick layer of graded filter. If d2 is the depth
of D/S cut-off below the D/S bed, the length of
the filter should be at least 1.5 d2.
5. Design of Launching Apron or
Talus at D/S End:
• Immediately after D/S filter, launching apron of 2.5
d2 length is provided. Launching apron is also
sometimes called talus. When talus is launched or
sloped at 3:1 slope its thickness should be 90 cm to
1 m. Knowing the launched length i.e. inclined
length and thickness, the volume of stones can be
easily calculated. Thickness in horizontal position
will be slightly more than in inclined position.
Launching apron prevents undermining of the weir
floors and protects D/S piles
6. Design of Launching Apron or
Talus at U/S End:
• Talus is also provided U/S end of the
impervious floor or apron. Horizontal length
of this talus should be 2d1, where d1 is the
depth of U/S pile. In launched position (3:1) its
thickness like D/S talus should be 90 cm to 1
m.

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CET 306- DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC

• Diversion head works- components and

1. Sathyanarayana MC, Water Resources Engg –

• When a barrage is constructed across a river which

• Where g is the height of shutter fitted over the

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