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Analog To Digital Converters

A/D Converters

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9 views25 pages

Analog To Digital Converters

A/D Converters

Uploaded by

snigdha.chaturvedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALOG TO DIGITAL

CONVERTERS
Analog to digital Conversion
• Analog-to-digital conversion is the process of converting analog
signals to digital form.
• ADCs are used for data acquisition.
• ADC process occurs in three steps:
• Sampling
• Quantization
• Encoding
3-bit conversion example
Quantization levels

Eg 5V divided into 8
levels – each 0.625
Each binary representation is a “range”
3
Quantization Error
• The difference between actual analog value and quantized digital
value.
ENCODING
• Encoding is the process that assigns ones and zeros (stream of bits)
for every quantization level.
• The number of bits assigned for each level (n) depends on the level’s
number (L); such that 2^n=L
Types of Analog to Digital Converters

• Direct conversion ADC

• Successive Approximation Register (ADC)

• Integrating ADCs: Single slope, dual slope, and ramp ADC

• Sigma-delta ADC
Successive Approximation Register ADC

• The Successive Approximation ADC is the ADC of choice for low-cost medium to high-
resolution applications, the resolution for SAR ADCs ranges from 8 - 18 bits, with sample
speeds up to 5 mega-samples per second (MSPs). Also, it can be constructed in a small form
factor with low power consumption, which is why this type of ADC is used for portable
battery-powered instruments.

• As the name implies, this ADC applies a binary search algorithm to convert the values, which
is why the internal circuitry may be running at several MHZ. Still, the actual sample rate is
much less due to the Successive Approximation algorithm.
Successive Approximation Register ADC

ADC consists of a comparator, a digital-to-analog converter, and a successive approximation register


along with the control circuit. Now, whenever a new conversation starts, the sample and hold
circuit samples the input signal. And that signal is compared with the specific output signal of the DAC.
Conversion Steps
• Step 1 : As we start the conversion, the most significant bit (MSB) is
set to one and the rest of the values become 0.
• Step2: The DAC receives the above data and converts the digital input
into analog input which is represented by .

• The received signal is compared with the signal obtained by D/A


converter.
• If
• If
Conversion Steps
• Step 4 : Now the second clock bus is active due to which the next bit
to MSB is active and becomes one and rest becomes zero.
• Step 5 : Step 2 to 4 are repeated till n cycles are completed.
Advantages and Disadvantages of SAR-
type ADC
• It has high accuracy and low power consumption, whereas it's easy to use
and has a low latency time.
• The latency time is the time of the beginning of the signal acquisition and
the time when the data is available to fetch from the ADC, typically
this latency time is defined in seconds.
• A major disadvantage of SAR ADC is its design complexity and cost of
production.
Applications of a SAR-type DAC

• As this is the most commonly used ADC, it's used for many applications like
uses in biomedical devices that can be implanted in the patient, these types
of ADCs are used because they consume very little power. Also, many
smartwatches and sensors use this type of ADC.
Sigma- Delta Analog to Digital converter

One of the more advanced ADC technologies is the so-called delta-sigma, or


(using the proper Greek letter notation). In mathematics and physics, the capital
Greek letter delta represents difference or change, while the capital letter sigma
represents summation: the adding of multiple terms together. Sometimes this
converter is referred to by the same Greek letters in reverse order: sigma-delta,
or .
Sigma- Delta Analog to Digital converter
In a converter, the analog input voltage signal is connected to the input of an integrator,
producing a voltage rate-of-change, or slope, at the output corresponding to input
magnitude. This ramping voltage is then compared against ground potential (0 volts) by a
comparator. The comparator acts as a sort of 1-bit ADC, producing 1 bit of output (”high”
or ”low”) depending on whether the integrator output is positive or negative. The
comparator’s output is then latched through a D-type flip-flop clocked at a high frequency,
and fed back to another input channel on the integrator, to drive the integrator in the
direction of a 0 volt output.
Sigma- Delta Analog to Digital converter
Sigma- Delta Analog to Digital converter
• Step 1: Two inputs are given to different amplifiers
1st input – Signal input from user
2nd input – Signal input from ADC (Feedback mechanism)
So, the result (from ADC) and input is given to the integrator
• Step 2: Integrator adds this value to the comparator
• Step 3: Now the integrated output is forwarded to the comparator ( or one bit ADC)
 Comparator compares the positive terminal voltage to the negative terminal
voltage
If +ve>-ve then output=1
If –ve>+ve then output=0
Sigma- Delta Analog to Digital converter
• Note : If more positive voltage is given then more numbers of 1s are
received as digital output.
• Step 4 : The received 1 or 0 bitstream is given to 1 bit DAC, which
produces the output according to 1 bitstream.
If 1 is given to 1 bit DAC, then output is +1.
If 0 is given to 1 bit DAC, then output is -1.
• Step 5 : Again, input is given to different amplifiers and the process is
continued.
Sigma- Delta Analog to Digital converter
Sigma- Delta Analog to Digital converter
Advantages of Sigma-Delta ADCs
• High resolution ( 16-24 bits)
• Low distortion (noise shaping property)
• Reduced sensitivity to component mismatch
• Versatility : Well-suited for low frequency signals
• Digitization of low-frequency signals: Suitable in digitizing low
frequency signals.
Disadvantages
• Conversion speed: Sigma-Delta ADCs have slow conversion speed
• Complexity: Sigma-Delta ADCs are more complex as compared to
other ADCs.
• High power consumption due to complexity
• Non linearities due to opamp in feedback path
• Limited applicability for High-speed signals
Key features and Characteristics of Sigma-
Delta ADC
• Oversampling: Sigma-Delta ADCs sample the input signal at a much
higher rate than what is required to meet the desired resolution. This
oversampling allows improved accuracy, especially in low-frequency
or low-amplitude signals.
• Noise-shaping: The integrator in the sigma-delta ADC acts as a low
pass filter, filtering all the noise signals. Therefore, it helps in noise
shaping.
Key features and Characteristics of Sigma-
Delta ADC
• Modulation: The oversampled data is then modulated by comparing it to a
reference voltage. This comparison generates a high-frequency, one-bit
digital output which is also known as bitstream.
• Digital Filter: The bitstream is passed through a digital filter, often a high-
order integrator, to remove high-frequency noise and recover the desired
signal.

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