Engineering drawing

tools, their uses and

maintenance.
1. Drawing board 9. 10. Flexible curve
2. Drawing papers 11. Templates
3. Pencils (i) French curve
4. Erasers (ii)Circle and ellipse
5. Eraser shield (iii) Templates
6. Masking tapes 12. Compass
7. Clips 13. Protractors
8. MINI Drafter 14. Engineering scale rule
9. T-square
10.Set square
 DRAWING BOARD.
This is the hard stable surface that can be tuned to
some angle, where the drawing sheet is placed for
easier positioning and convenience during drawing

Mini drafter
 USING A DRAWING BOARD.
The drawing board should be adjustable so that it
can be adjusted at the correct angle at the time of
usage and type of drawing being made e.g.,
sketching/drafting or normal scale drawing.

Factors to consider when choosing a drawing

board include , height of the board, degree of
rotation, size, portability and size.
 MAINTAINANCE OF A DRAWING BOARD.
Instruments such as compasses ,eraser shield and
other sharp instruments should be kept horizontally
on the board when not in use to avoid scratches on
the board

Kept away from liquids and food particles

Wooden ones should also be kept away from direct

sunlight and kept in cool dry place and wiped
regularly.
 PENCILS.
It is an object that you draw
or write with an d consists of
a thin piece of wood with a rod pencil
of graphite through the middle.
pencils are graded according to the relative
hardness of the graphite lead, from hard to soft
types of pencils
9h,8h,7h,5h,4h,3h,2h,h,f,hb,b,2b,3b,5b,6b.
a pencil considered medium grand is designated by
letter HB
a hard pencil is used to draw thin gray line while
soft pencils are used to draw thick dark lines
 ENDS OF WORKING PENCILS

Conical Chisel Beveled

Prepared by blade-type pencil cutters and

sandpaper
. ENDS OF WORKING PENCILS

CONICAL POINT-Used for general purposes eg

writing, dimensioning, marching arrow heads
etc.
CHISEL EDGE- Used for drawing straight lines
because it’s
stable.
BEVELED- Used for drawing circles and arcs
N/B ;blade cutters and sharpeners may be
used to produce the three types of pencil
edges.
 DRAWING PENS.
It is an instrument used in engineering .
drawing to make lines of uniform width.
they consist of a refillable ink reservoir or a
replaceable ink cartridge.
 DRAWING PAPERS.
These are papers that are specially designed for
drafting.
Drawing papers are of various sizes starting with
A0 which is the largest having an area of one
square meter.
Each smaller
sheet size is
exactly half
the area of
the previous
size in the
following order
of decreasing A
6
size A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6
.The choice of the size of the paper to use depends
on what is being drawn and the overall look that
the drawer wants to achieve.
.To make a drawing, spread the paper on the
drawing board, clip it onto the board or use a
masking tape. then set the drawing at a suitable
angle that is comfortable and convenient for
drawing.
.For safe storage of
papers, small size
ones like A3 can be
kept in folders while
large size papers like Poster
folder
A1 can be kept in poster tubes. tube
TYPES OF PAPERS.
TRACING PAPERS.
It is a transparent paper with an ability to trace an
image on it. the image is usually visible through the
paper.

CARTRIDGE PAPER.
It is a high quality type of heavy paper used for
illustration and drawing
 FOLDING OF PAPERS.
There are two methods of folding of
drawing sheets, one suitable for filing or binding and
the other method for keeping in filing cabinets.
The figure below shows the method in which drawing
sheets may be unfolded and refolded, without the
necessity of removal from the file.
 ERASER SHIELD.
It is a simple metal or plastic plate with different
sizes and shapes of openings which allow precise
masking of small areas.

This allows you

erase without
smearing or
accidental erasure
of the sorrounding
areas of a
drawing
openings
 ERASER SHIELD IN USE.

The eraser
shield is
aligned
carefully over
the point that
need to be
erased(eg
extended
lines)
Then using an eraser sharp corners with no over runs.
Finally the eraser crumbs are carefully brushed away
leaving up sharp corners.
 ERASER, CLIPS, MASKING TAPE.
An eraser or rubber is an article of stationery that
is used for removing pencil markings. erasers have a
rubbery consistency and are
often pink or white. Typical erasers are made
from synthetic rubber.
Masking tape is a type of eraser

pressure sensitive tape

made of a thin and easy-to-
Masking
tear paper, tape
and an easily released
pressure sensitive
Clips are used
adhesive.
 T-SQUARE
It is a T-shaped ruler consisting of a short crosspiece,
which slides, along the drawing board and a long
horizontal piece which is calibrated in it edges.

crosspiece
Horizontal
piece

Calibrated
edges
 USES.
1.Used primarily for drawing horizontal lines.

Cross piece

2. Used to
support set
squares when
drawing
vertical and
inclined lines.
 2. Used to
support set
squares when
drawing
vertical and
inclined lines.

Cross piece
 MAINTENANCE AND STORAGE OF A T-
SQUARE.

Should be kept upright or horizontal where it

cannot be damaged or bent.

Care should also be taken to avoid rubbing off the

calibrations.
 SET SQUARE.
A thin flat piece of plastic or metal in a shape of a
right-angled triangle with the center removed used
for drawing parallel and perpendicular lines.

30-60-90 90-45-45 Adjustable

set square

The three most common types as shown are

30-60-90 degree angles
90-45-45 degree angles, and
the adjustable
Used in combination with a ruler with one side in
contact with the ruler’s edge and slid along to draw
parallel lines as shown.

For adjustable set

square, the desired
angle is set then
parallel lines can be
drawn by sliding it
along a ruler
 FLEXIBLE CURVES.
It is a flexible square metal core covered with wear-
resistant plastic.

It is used to transfer a curve to

another material by using
control points to hold it in
position and bending the
curve to retain shape.
Flexible curves are, however, delicate and if forced
into a tight curve it will break.
 TEMPLATES.

A template is a piece of metal, wood, plastic or other

materials used as a pattern in drafting.
Examples of templates include.

1.French curve.

2.Circle template.

3.Ellipse template.
 CIRCLE TEMPLATE.
It is plastic with a number of accurate circles cut
out. They are used to draw circles of set diameters
especially small circles which are difficult to draw
using a compass.
With a circle template,
the diameter is
selected and a sharp
pencil is used to draw
round the cutout circle.
Ellipse templates are
similar to circle
template and are useful
for drawing
Cut outs
ellipses/oval shapes.
 FRENCH CURVES.
It is a template made of plastic composed of many
different curves.

It is used to draw
smooth curves of
varying sizes by
finding the section
of the curve
that matches the desired shape on the profile of the
curve. Some have either circles or ellipses of
various sizes cut out hence they can be used as
circle or ellipse templates.
 GENERAL MAINTENANCE OF TEMPLATES.
1.Should be cleaned using a suitable cloth to
remove dust.

2.Store in a padded case or folder with slots.

3.Storing them in a proper long tray holder to store

the instruments especially when not in use.
 COMPASS.
It is an instrument used for drawing circles,
measuring distances, etc. that consists of two arms
joined at one end, one arm serves as a pivot
or a stationary reference point while

the other is extended or describes a circle and

contains some kind of a crew fixture that can hold
a pen or a pencil.
 HOW TO USE A COMPASS
1.Insert a pencil into the compass holder.

2.open the compass to the desired radius.

3.place the compass point on a paper where you

would want your centre to be.

4.place the pencil point on the paper and rotate

without lifting
 PROTRACTOR.
An instrument for measuring angles, typically in
the form of a flat semicircle or a circle marked with
degrees along the curved edge.

360 degrees 180 degrees

protractor protractor
 USING A PROTRACTOR.
the protractor’s centre is placed at the intersection
point of the lines whose angle is to be measured one
line acting as the point of reference or the base.

The angle is determined from the base (zero degree)

to the intersecting line.
 ENGINEERING SCALE RULER.
It is a rule having a triangular cross section and
different measurement scales on the two edges of
each face. edge

Triangular
cross section
scale
It is a tool for measuring distances and
transferring measurements at fixed ratio of length.
It consists of six different scales on each face i.e.
1:20, 1:25, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, 1:125
 USING A SCALE RULE.
1.The scale of the drawing is determined by e.g.
looking at the block legend specification or the scale
provided.

2.Position the scale tool so that the ruler that

matches the drawing scale is against the paper.
align the zero at the left side with one end of the
object you want to measure.

3. Find the tick mark on the scale tool that lines up

with the other end of the object you are measuring.
read the major mark value and add the minor
marks as tenths. multiply the composite reading by
ten to get the length.
 MAINTENANCE.
1.Care should be taken when handling to avoid
rubbing off calibration marks.

2.wipe after use and keep it in its padded case.

GENERAL MAINTENANCE OF
ENGINEERING TOOLS
1. All tools should be kept clean by wiping them
using a clean cloth.

2. care should be taken to avoid rubbing off the

calibrations in tools such as rulers, T-squares,
protractor and set squares.

3.drawings tools such as rulers and drafting

brushes should be kept in pouches.
4.Compasses should be wiped and kept in their
padded cases.

5.Erasers should always be kept clean to avoid

dirtying the drawing papers during rubbing.

6. Roll up drawing papers into a tight roll and place

them secure in drafting tubes.
Thank you all.
how to use dividers
types of pens used in drawing
what to use to rub ink
types of drawing papers
storage of different types of papers