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01 Introduction Computer Overview

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views37 pages

01 Introduction Computer Overview

Uploaded by

tharualok17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Operating Systems &

Computer Architecture
CT049-3-1-OS&CA
Ver: VE

Introduction: Computer Overview


Topics we will cover
• Components of a Computer System
• Hardware
• Software
• Communication
• Computer System
• Virtualization
• Protocols and Standards

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Learning
Outcomes
At the end of this section, YOU should be able to:

• Describe the basic building blocks of a computer system


• Identify the different types of computer systems
• Describe the different Protocols and Standards in computer systems

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Key Terms
application programming input-process-output primary storage
interface (API) (IPO) model protocol
arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) interface unit random access memory
central processing unit kernel (RAM)
(CPU) logical read-only memory (ROM)
channel (I/O) memory software
communication channel modem standards
control unit (CU) network interface card stored program concept
distributed computing (NIC) submit (a job)
embedded computer open computing suite (protocol)
graphical user interface output virtual
hardware port (from one computer to von Neumann architecture
input another) word
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A Typical Computer Ad

• Is the computer fast


enough to run
necessary programs?

• Is the computer cost-


effective?

• Will it be obsolete in 6
months?

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Importance of Studying
Computer Architecture
• User
– Understand system capabilities and limitations
– Make informed decisions
– Improve communications with information technology
professionals
• Programmer
– Create efficient application software for specific processing
needs (compiled versus scripted)
• Systems Architect or Systems Analyst
– Specify computer systems and architecture to meet
application requirements
– Make intelligent decisions about system strategy (Cost,
Quality & Time)

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Importance of Studying
Computer Architecture
• System Administrator / Manager
– Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems
– Maximize system availability and efficiency
– Optimize system performance
– Ensure system security
• Web Services Designer
– Optimize customer accessibility to Web services
– Optimize web system configurations
– Select appropriate data formats, page designs and scripting
languages
– Design efficient Web pages

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The Process Model (IPO)

Stand-alone Computer System

• Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards


• Processing: CPU executes the computer program
• Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
• Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

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A Web Browser Application

These components work as a well-organized system

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The Human Body Systems

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IT Computer System Layout

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Computer Systems
All computer systems, no matter how complex,
consists of the following:
• At least one CPU
• Memory to hold programs and data
• I/O devices
• Long-term storage

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Computer System Components
• Hardware
– Processes data by executing instructions
– Provides input and output
– Control input, output and storage components
• Software
– Applications and system software
– Instructions tell hardware exactly what tasks to perform and
in what order
• Data
– Fundamental representation of facts and observations
• Communications
– Sharing data and processing among different systems

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Hardware Components
• Input/Output devices
• Storage Devices
• CPU – Central Processing Unit
– ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
– CU: control unit
– Interface unit
• Memory
– Short-term storage for CPU calculations

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Personal Computer System

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The Central Processing Unit
(CPU)
• ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
– Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations
• CU: control unit
– Controls processing of instructions
– Controls movement of data within the CPU
• Interface unit
– Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other
hardware components
– Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between
different components

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Memory
• Also known as primary storage, working
storage, working storage, and RAM (random
access memory)
• Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of
either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)
• Holds both instructions and data of a
computer program (stored program concept)

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Software Components
• Applications
• Operating System
– API: application program
interface
– File management
– I/O
– Kernel
• Memory management
• Resource scheduling
• Program communication
• Security
– Network Module
The Bootstrap or Initial Program Load (IPL) is stored
inside the ROM and contains instructions required to load
the OS.

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Communication Components
(Ext)
• Hardware
– Communication channels
• Physical connections between computer systems
• Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable,
infrared light, radio waves
– Interface hardware
• Handles communication between the computer and the
communication channel
• Modem or network interface card (NIC)
• Software
– Establish connections
– Control flow of data
– Directs data to the proper applications for use

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Types Of Computer Systems

HP Laptop Computer

IBM System z10 EC Mainframe

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Types Of Computer Systems

3DS

PlayStation

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Virtualization

• Virtual (American Heritage Dictionary


– Existing or result in essence or effect
though not in actual fact, form or name
– Created, simulated, or carried on by means
of a computer or computer network
• Examples
– Virtual memory
– Virtual networks
– Java Virtual Machine

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Protocols
• Common ground rules of communication
between computers, I/O devices, and many
software programs
• Examples
– HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers
– TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area
networks
– SATA: between storage devices and computers
– XML,RSS, SIP: new protocols

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Standards

A Standard is basically a document containing the details of an agreed


upon method.

• Created to ensure universal compatibility of


data formats and protocols
• May be created by committee or may become
a de facto standard through popular use
• Examples:
– Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript
– Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF
– Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC
– Multimedia standards: MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX, MP3
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History
Watch BBC Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhgo9fAlAQQ&list=PL67E0436319CFBE04

• 1642: Blaise Pascal invents a calculating


machine
• 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom
that uses punch cards
• 1800’s:
– Charles Babbage attempts to build an analytical engine
(mechanical computer)
– Augusta Ada Byron develops many of the fundamental
concepts of programming
– George Boole invents Boolean logic.

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History of Modern Computers
• 1937: Mark I is built (Aiken, Harvard University, IBM).
– First electronic computer using relays.
• 1939: ABC is built
– First fully electronic digital computer. Used vacuum tubes.
• 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of
Pennsylvania).
– First general purpose digital computer.
• 1945: Von Neumann architecture proposed.
– Still the standard for present day computers.
• 1947: Creation of transistor
– (Bardeen, Shockley, Brattain, Bell Labs).
• 1951-2: EDVAC and IAS

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Early Computers

Babbage’s Analytical Engine ENIAC

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Von Neumann Architecture

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System Software History
• Early computers had no operating systems and were
single user systems
– Programs were entered using switches for each bit or by
plugging wires into a panel
• 1953-54: First operating system was built by General
Motors Research Laboratories for their IBM 701
computer
• Other early systems
– FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS)
– IBSYS
– Share Operating System (SOS)

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Operating Systems Development
• 1963: Master Control Program (MCP) by Burroughs.
Included many modern OS features.
• 1964: OS/360 by IBM. Included batch processing of
programs.
• 1962: MIT Project MAC created a time-sharing OS
called CTSS. Shortly afterwards, MIT, Bell Labs, and
GE developed Multics (Multiplexed Information and
Computing Services).

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UNIX
• After Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics project, Ken
Thompson developed a personal operating system
called UNIX using assembly language.
• Dennis Ritchie developed the programming language
C which was used to rewrite much of UNIX in a high-
level language.
• UNIX introduced
– A hierarchical file system
– The shell concept
– Document production and formatting
– Tools for networked and distributed processing

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Graphical User Interface

• 1960s: Doug Englebart (Stanford


Research Institute)
– Invented windows and a mouse interface
• 1970s: Xerox PARC
– Creates a practical windowing system for
the Dynabook project
• 1980s: Steve Jobs (Apple)
– Developed the Apple Lisa and MacIntosh

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IBM PC
• 1982: Stand-alone, single user computer
• PC-DOS, MS-DOS (disk operating system)
• Later versions of DOS added
– Hierarchical directory file storage
– File redirection
– Better memory management
• Windowing systems
– Windows 2.0, Windows 3.1, Windows 95
– Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows Vista
– Windows 7

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Quick Review Questions

• Explain the differences between primary storage and secondary storage. What

is each type used for?

• Software component of a computer system are divided into two major

categories. Identify each category and give an example of each that you are

already familiar with. Briefly explain the role of each category.

• Virtualization is a concept that has taken on major importance in the early

twenty-first century. Explain what is meant by virtualization.

• What is a protocol? What is a standard? Do all protocols have to be

standards? Explain. Are all standards protocols? Explain


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Summary
This chapter has presented a brief review of the basics of computing. We began by recalling
the input-process-output model for computing. Next we demonstrated the connection
between that model and the components of the computer system.

We noted that implementation


of the model requires four components: hardware, software, communication, and
data. The architecture of the computer system is made up of the hardware and system software.
In addition, a communication component exists to enable interconnecting systems.

We discussed the general architecture of a computer and noted that the same description
applies to CPUs both modern and ancient, both large and small. We introduced the
important concepts of virtualization, standards and protocols, noting that these ideas will
appear throughout the book. The chapter concluded with a brief history of the computer
from an architectural perspective.

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END

Q&A
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Next

Introduction to Computer
Architecture

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