Applied Mathematics II for Pre-Science

Math 1104

Prepared by:

Dr. Abdisa Shiferaw

April 04, 2024
ASTU, Ethiopia

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 Course Outline
Chapter 1: Inverse Function
1.1 Introduction to inverse function
1.2 Domain and range of inverse functions
1.3 Existence of inverse functions
1.4 Method of finding inverses
1.5 Inverse of logarithmic and exponential functions
1.6 Graphs of inverse functions
1.7 Continuity of inverse functions
1.8 Differentiability of inverse functions

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Cont…
Chapter 2: Derivative of Inverse Function
2.1 Logarithmic, exponential functions and their derivatives
2.2 Implicit differentiation
2.3 Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
2.4 Hyperbolic, inverse hyperbolic and their derivatives
2.5 Related rates
2.6 Application of derivatives: L’Hopital’s rule

Chapter 3: Integration
3.1 Techniques of integration: by substitutions, by parts and partial fractions
3.2 Trigonometric integrals
3.2 Trigonometric substitutions

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Cont…
3.3 Numerical integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule
3.4 Improper integrals
3.5 Applications: Area between the curves, arc length, Surface area
Chapter 4: Sequence and Series
4.1. Definition of Infinite sequence
4.2. Convergence and divergence properties of series
4.3. Nonnegative term series and tests of convergence (integral,
Comparison, Ratio and Root test)
4.4 Alternating series and alternating series test
4.5 Absolute and conditional convergence
4.6 Generalized convergence Test

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Cont…
Chapter 5: Power Series
5.1 Definition of power series at any point
5.2 Convergence and divergence, radius and interval of convergence of power
series
5.3 Algebraic operation on convergent power series
5.4 Differentiation and integration of power series
5.5 Taylor series, Taylor polynomial and application

Text book: Robert Ellis and Denny Gulick, Calculus with analytic geometry,
6thed, H Brace Jovanovich, publishers.
References:
1. Howard Anton, Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications 9th edition.

2. Howard Anton, Calculus with Analytic Function, 5th edition.

3. James Stewart, Calculus Early
Transcendental, 6th edition.
4. George B Thomas, Calculus, 12th edition
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 Assessment Methods
N Continuous Chapter Percentage
o Assessment
1 Test 1 10%

2 Assignment 1 1, 2 10%

3 Mid-Exam 1, 2, 3 20%

4 Assignment 2 3, 4 10%

5 Final-Exam 1-5 50%

Total 100%

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 Chapter 1: Inverse Function
1.1 Introduction to inverse function
 Definition:
 Function: A function is rule that assigns in a domain A exactly one element in a range
B.
 A function can be one-to-one, many-to-one, but not one-to-many.
 Vertical Line Test: No vertical line through the xy-plane cuts the graph the function
more than once.
 Example: is a function, is not a function.

One-to-one function: is one-to-one if whenever

Horizontal Line Test: If the graph of a function is such that no
horizontal line intersects the graph in more than one point.

y=
is 1-1 function is not 1-1 function
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 Cont…
 Definition: Let be 1-1 function with domain A and range B. Then its inverse has
domain B and range A such that iff for any
 Property:

i)
ii) for x in domain of
iii) for y in range of

1.2 Domain and range of inverse functions

 Domain of ange of
 Range of =Domain of

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 Cont…
 Example: Find domain and range of if

a) b) c)
 Solution: a) , b) , ℝ c)

1.3 Existence of inverse function

 Definition: If is 1-1 function with a domain A and range B, then has a unique inverse with domain

B and range A such that

and ,
where is in A and is in B.
 Example: 1) Is the inverse of Yes
2) Is the inverse of No
 Theorem: Every increasing or decreasing function has an inverse.
 If is an increasing function, then and if is decreasing, then

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 Cont…
 Example: Check whether inverse function exists for ; if so in which interval?

a) c)
b) d)
 Solution: a) for all x.
 is an increasing function, exists for the interval .
b) for and for .
1.4 Method of finding inverses
 To find the inverse function
1) Write
2) Solve for x in terms of y.
3) Write (y) for x in step 2.
 Example: Find the inverse function of the following functions and also compute (4)
a) b) c) ; (odd)

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 Solution: a) iff .

Therefore, and

1.5 Inverse of Logarithmic and Exponential functions

 Definition: A function of the form , where base and 𝑏≠1, is called exponential

function.
1) Domain of = and range of =.
2) is increasing for and decreasing for .

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 Definition: Exponential function has inverse function which is logarithmic function, with

domain and range .

 Example: Find the inverse function and corresponding domain and range of if

a) b)
c) d)
 Solution: a) with domain= and range= .

b) with domain=and range=.

c) with domain=and range=.
d) with domain=and range=.

1.6 Graphs of inverse function

 Definition: The graph of is obtained by reflecting the graph of about the line

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 Cont…
 Example: Sketch the graph of and its inverse function

a) b) c) on or
d)

a) b)

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 Cont…
c) Case

y  x2
y=x
4
y  x
2

 Case , Do it as homework! x
   

d)

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 1.7 Inverse of Trigonometric functions
 They compute the arc length of a sector on the unit circle
 They are not 1-1 functions on their entire domain.
 Restriction on the domain is necessary to create an inverse function for each Trigonometric function.

1) with domain [-1, 1] and range .

2) with domain [-1, 1] and range .
3) with domain (-, and range .
4) with domain (-, and range .
5) with domain and range ,
6) with domain and range ,

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 Cont…
 Example: 1) Evaluate (or simplify) the expression
a) b) c)
d) ()
 Solution: a) Let , then
but .
 Therefore, .

b) Let , then (Use Pythagorean Theorem)

 Therefore, .

c) Answer: (Justify!)

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 Cont…
2) Show that a) b)
 Solution: a) Let , then .

 Therefore, .

1.8 Inverse of Hyperbolic functions

 Definition (Hyperbolic functions):

1) 4) cot
2) cos 5) sec
3) tan 6) csc

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 Cont…
 Definition (Inverse of Hyperbolic functions)
 The inverses of the Hyperbolic functions are the area of hyperbolic functions.
 They compute the area of a sector of the unit hyperbolic

1) with domain
2) with domain
3) with domain
4) with domain
5) with domain
6) with domain

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 Cont…
To show! 1) :
 Let .
 Then iff
 By quadratic formula, ;
 Hence,
To show! 5) :
 Let .
 Then iff
 By quadratic formula, ;
 Hence,

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Chapter-Two: Derivative of Inverse Functions
2.1 Logarithmic, Exponential functions and Their
derivatives
 Definition: Let and let be a differentiable function of . Then

1) 4)

2) 5)

3)

 Example: Find if
a) b) c) d)
 Solution: a)
b) Do it!
c)
d) ; Hint:

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2.2 Differentiability of Inverse functions
 Definition (Derivative of f -1):
 If is a function with inverse function , then

To show!
 We have
 Take derivative on both sides:

(By Chain Rule)

 Example: Find the derivative of inverse function if

a) b)

 Solution: a) and

 Therefore,

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 2.3 Implicit Differentiability
 Suppose is a differentiable function of and given equation with
implicitly in term of .
 Take the derivative with respect to on both sides of the given equation,
then solve for implicit derivative, .

 Example: 1) Let Then use implicit differentiation to find

a) b)
 Solution: a) b)
2) Find a point in the first quadrant that is on the graph of
and has the property that the tangent line at is horizontal.
 Solution: iff =.
 Slope of horizontal line is 0, thus =
 Then and substitute it into
 Therefore, , .
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 2.4 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric functions

 Definition (Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric functions)

1) 4)
2) 5)
3) 6)
To show!
1) .
 Let , then
 We have the expression,

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 Cont…
 Then ) (Taking derivative on both sides)
 Thus,
Similarly, you can show the rest ones!
 Example: Find if a)
b)
 Solution: a)
b) Do it!
2.5 Hyperbolic Functions and their Derivatives
 Hyperbolic Identities:
1)
2)
3)

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 Cont…
 Definition (Derivatives of Hyperbolic functions)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
To show! 1)
2)
 Example: Find if a) b)
 Solution:
a) b)

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 Cont…

2.6 Derives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

 Definition:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
To show!
1) We have,
 Then

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 Cont…
Example: Find if
a)
b)
Solution:
a) because
b)

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 2.7 Related rates

The most typical application of the differential calculus is solving problems
which involve rate of changes. Suppose we have a variable which is
changing
with time Then the rate change is given by
Example:

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Cont…

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 Cont…

3. Water is flowing into a vertical cylindrical tank of radius 1ft at the rate of
4ft3/min. How fast is the water level rising?

Solution: The volume of cylinder is at time t. Differentiate V
with respect to t (consider r as constant) so that. Therefore the
water level in the tank is rising at the rate of at is

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 2.8 Applications of derivatives: L’Hopital’s Rule

i) Indeterminate form
 In if and , then

ii) Indeterminate form

 In if and , then

iii) Other indeterminate forms

 First we must change into the indeterminate form or , then we can evaluate the limit
accordingly.

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 Cont…

Example: Evaluate the following limits

a) b) c) d)

e) f)


Solution:

a) (indeterminate form )

b)

c) (indeterm. form )

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 Cont…
d)

e) (indeterm. form )

f) (indeterm. form )


Exercise: Evaluate the following limits
a)

b)

c)

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 Chapter-Three: Integration
 Definition (Indefinite integral):
 Let has anti derivative on an interval I. The collection of anti derivatives of is
called the indefinite integral of on I.
i.e.,
 Example: ,
where is anti derivative of
3.1 Techniques of Integral: by Substitutions, by Parts and
Partial fractions
I) Integration by Substitution
 Definition: Let and be functions, with and continuous. If is anti derivative
of , then

where, substitute for and for ….Derived by chain-rule

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 Cont…
 Example: Evaluate the following integrals

a) b) c)
d) e)
 Solution: a) Let , then
 By substitution: .
 Therefore,

b) Let , then
 By substitution:
 Therefore,

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 Cont…
c) Let , then
 By substitution: .
 Therefore,

d) Do it as homework!
e) Let , then and .
 By substitution:
.

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 Cont…
II) Integration by Parts
 Definition: To perform the integral we pick a function and (x) such that the
product is equal to the given integrand.
i.e., …Derived by derivative by
product rule.
 Example: Evaluate a) b)
c) d)
 Solution: a) Let , then , .
 By part: =
=
b) Let , then , .
 By part: .
 But, let , then , and then , by part again.
 Hence,

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 Cont…
c) Do it as homework!
d) Let , then
 By substitution: .
 Let , then ,
 By part:
 Hence,
 Reduction formula for is:

dx.
It is derived by part, hint: let .
 Reduction formula for is:

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 Cont…
III) Integration by Partial fractions
 To break down rational function into simpler parts which is called partial

fraction decomposition (PFD).

 To find PFD

i) Factor the denominator

ii) Find the form of the PFD:
a) For each factorable term , the PFD has terms
.
b) For each non-factorable term , the PFD has terms
.

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 Cont…
iii) Solve for the coefficients: and the constants:
iv) Evaluate the integral of PDF.
 Example: Evaluate

a) b) c)
 Solution: a) To find PFD:
 iff and
 iff ,
 Therefore,

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 Cont…

b) PFD:
 iff ,
 Thus,


c)
 Do it as homework!

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 Cont…
3.2 Trigonometric Integral
(I) Integral of the form
1) When is odd:
i) Factor out
ii) Write the rest of the integrand in terms of , using Pythagorean identity

iii) Substitute , so that

 Example: Find
 Solution:

, let

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 Cont…
2) When is odd:
i) Factor out sin
ii) Write the rest of the integrand in terms of cos, using Pythagorean identity

iii) Substitute , so that

 Example: Find
 Solution:

, let

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 Cont…

3) When and are both even:

 In this case, evaluation of is more complicated.
 The following three Trigonometric identities help reduce the exponents
and
 i)
 ii)
 iii)
 Example: Find
 Solution:

, let and

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 Cont…
4) When and are both odd:
We follow the same general procedures as case 1 or case 2.
 Example: Find a) b)

(II) Integral of the form

1) When is even:
i) Factor out
ii) Write the rest of the integrand in terms of , using Pythagorean identity

iii) Substitute , so that

 Example: Find
 Solution:
, let ,

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 Cont…
2) When and are both odd:
i) Factor out
ii) Write the rest of the integrand in terms of , using Pythagorean identity

iii) Substitute , so that

 Example: Find
 Solution:
, let ,

(III) Integral of the form

 Since , the same techniques allow us to find integral of the form when is even
or when and are both odd, as the integral the form above.
 Example: Evaluate a) b)

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 Cont…
3.3 Trigonometric Substitutions
 Definition: , by substitution: so that

(I) Integrals containing : [Use or ]

 Let . By substitution: for and
 Example: Find a) b)
 Solution: a) ,

let ,

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 Cont…

b), let

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(II) Integrals containing : [Use or ]
 Let By substitution: for and
 Example: Find

Soln:, let ,

, let ,
 Therefore,

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 Cont…
(III) Integrals containing : [Use or ]
 Let . By substitution: for and
 Example: Find
 Solution:

, let ,

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 Cont…
(IV) Integrals containing
 By completing the square in by we can express in terms of , or .
 Then a Trigonometric substitution eliminates the square root as before.
 Example: Find a) b)
 Solution:
 , let ,

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 Cont…

3.4 Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule

 To approximate integral value , we take a partition that divides into -

subintervals of equal length .

Trapezoidal rule:

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Simpson’s rule:

 Note that Simpson’s rule estimates more accurate than Trapezoidal rule.

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 Example: Use a) Trapezoidal rule and b) Simpson’s rule with to compute

approximate value of integral .

 Solution: partitions with length

a)

b)

 NB. Actual value

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 3.4 Improper Integrals

Integrals with unbounded integrals or unbounded intervals of the form

are called improper Integrals.


If exists, then converges; Otherwise it is divergent.


Example: Evaluate

a)

b)

c)

d)

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 Cont…

Solution:

a)

b)

c)

d)

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 3.5 Applications: Area between curves, arc length, Surface area
Area: Let and be continuous on , with for . The area A of the region R
between the graphs of and on is given by

 Example: Find the area A of the region R between the parabola and the line .

 Solution: iff or

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 R is vertically simple and for –1 ≤ y ≤ 2, it follows that

 But R is not horizontally simple. Thus, R may be broken up into two parts.

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 Cont…
 Length of a Curve: Let have a continuous derivative on Then the length L of
the graph of on is given by

 Arc Length:
 Example: Let for . Find the length L of the graph of f
 Solution: L=

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 Cont…
Surface Area
 Example:

1) Surface area of a cube of side is (See Fig. (a))

2) Surface area of a cylinder of radius and height is (See
Fig. (b))

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 Cont…

 Definition (Surface Area): Let be nonnegative and continuously differentiable

on The area of the surface obtained by revolving the graph of about the x axis
is given by

 Example: Let for . Find the area of the surface obtained by revolving the
graph of about the x axis (See the Figure).
 Solution:

, let ,

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