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Chapter1-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry-Modified

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33 views36 pages

Chapter1-Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry-Modified

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writerajpawar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Atomic and molecular masses

Atomic mass is defined as a mass


exactly equal to one-twelfth the
mass of one carbon-12 atom.
Molecular mass and formula

mass
Molecular mass is the sum of
atomic masses of the
elements present in a
molecule. It is obtained by
multiplying the atomic mass
of each element by the
number of its atoms and
adding them together.

 Formula unit mass is the


empirical formula of the
Mole concept
 One mole is the amount of a
substance that contains as many
particles as there are atoms in
exactly 12g of 12C isotope.

 1 mol of atom = 6.022×1023


particles.

 The mass of one mole of a


substance in grams is called its
molar mass.
FORMULAE
Moles = given mass
At. Mass/Mol. Mass

Moles = given no. of atoms/molecules


Avogadro number

Moles = given volume


molar volume
MOLE CONCEPT
A jar containing 388.2 g of iron filings. How many moles of iron does the jar
contain? [At. Mass of Fe = 56]

mass of grams = 388.2 g


ir

amount of iron in moles = ?

Formula: moles = given mass = 388.2 = 6.9


Atomic mass 56
Problems for practice
1) Calculate the
number of moles in
each of the following
masses:
(a) 64.1 g of aluminum [At.
Mass of Al =27]

(b) 28 g of silicon [At. Mass of


Si = 28]
How many moles of lithium are there in 1.204 × 1024
lithium atoms?
According to Avogadro’s law,

1 mole of a substance = 6.02 x 1023 particles


?? = 1.204 x 1024 particles

1 = 6.02 x 1023
X 1.204 x 1024
OR
Moles = given number of atoms = 1.204 x 1024
Avogadro number6.02 x 1023

Calculate the number of moles in 8.08 × 1022 atoms of krypton


CONVERTING THE AMOUNT OF AN ELEMENT IN MOLES TO THE NUMBER
OF ATOMS

Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following amounts:


(a) 1.004 mol bismuth
(b) 2.5 mol manganese

Moles = given no of atoms


Avogadro number

1.004 = no of atoms
6.02 x 1023
How many boron atoms are there in 2.00 g of boron?

Moles = given mass = 2g = 0.2


atomic mass 10

Moles = no of atoms
Avogadro number

0.2 = no of atoms
6.02 x 1023

No of atoms = 6.02 x 1023 x 0.2 =


PROBLEMS INVOLVING MOLECULES, FORMULA UNITS, AND
IONS

How many moles of carbon dioxide are in 66.0 g of dry ice, which is solid CO 2? How
many molecules of carbon dioxide is present?

Calculate the number of moles in 3.00 g of boron tribromide, BBr 3.

Calculate the number of moles in 7.50 × 102 g of methanol, CH3OH


CONVERTING MOLES OF A COMPOUND TO MASS

Determine the mass of each of the following amounts:

(a) 1.366 mol of NH3


(b) 0.120 mol of glucose, C6H12O6
Concentrations in solutions
 The concentration of a
solution is expressed in 4
different ways.

1) Mass percent

2) Mole fraction

3) Molarity

4) molality
a) Mass percentage

Mass % of a solution is given by


the formula:
Mass % of solution = mass of solute * 100
mass of solution
Mass percentage is used only
for binary solutions. For
example,
4% glucose solution means
4 g glucose dissolved in 96 g water.
Mass % = 4 x 100 = 4%
4+96
b) Mole fraction
 It is defined as the ratio of number of
moles of a particular component to
the total number of moles of the
solution.
 Mole fraction is a dimensionless
quantity.
 If a substance ‘A’ dissolves in
substance ‘B’ and their number of
moles are nA and nB respectively;
then the mole fractions of A and B
are given as XA and XB
c) Molarity
 It is defined as the number of moles
of the solute in 1 litre of the solution.

 molarity of a solution depends upon temperature because volume


of a solution is temperature dependent.
What is the molarity of the solution containing
5.85 g of NaCl in 500 mL of water?

Molarity = moles of solute


volume of solution (in L)

Moles of NaCl = given mass = 5.85 g = 5.85 = 0.1


mol
molar mass 23+35.5 58.5

Volume of solution = 500 = 0.5 L


1000
Molarity = 0.1 / 0.5 = 0.2 mol/L or M
d) Molality
 It is defined as the number of
moles of solute present in 1 kg
of solvent. It is denoted by m.

 molality of a solution does not change with temperature because molality


only depends on mass of solution and there is no significant change in
mass of the solvent when there is a temperature change.
What is the molality of the solution
containing 5.85 g of NaCl in 90 g water?
Difference between molarity
and molality
molarity molality
 It is defined as the number  It is defined as the
of moles in solute upon number of moles of
volume of solution in solute present in 1 kg of
litres(L). solvent. It is denoted by
(m).
 Molarity INCREASES with
increase in temperature
 Molality is not affected by
change in temperature
Concepts in molarity
 In some cases to find the molarity of the new solution formed by
diluting the given solution, the following formula is used.

M1V1 = M2V2
If 300 mL of water is added to 0.2 mol/L solution of sodium hydroxide, what is
the molarity of the resulting solution?
Examples on molality
What is the molality of a solution consisting of 1.34 mL of carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4, density= 1.59 g/mL) in 65.0 mL of methylene
chloride (CH2Cl2, density = 1.33 g/mL)?

Mass of CCl4 = volume x density = 1.34 mL x 1.59 g/mL = 2.1306 g


Moles of CCl4 = given mass/Molar mass = 2.1306 g = 0.014
153.823 g/mol

mass of CH2Cl2 = volume x density = 65.0 mL x 1.33 g/mL = 86.45 g = 0.08645 kg

molality = moles of CCl4 = 0.014 mol = = 0.16 m or mol/kg


weight of CH2Cl2(in kg) 0.08645 kg
Calculate molarity of NaOH solution prepared by dissolving 60 g of
NaOH in 250 ml of distilled water.
Limiting reagent
 When any reaction is carried out, the
reactants are not present in the amounts as
required by a balanced chemical reaction.

 In such situations, one reactant is in excess


over the other. The reactant which is present
in the lesser amount gets consumed after
sometime and after that no further reaction
takes place whatever be the amount of the
other reactant present.

 Hence, the reactant which gets consumed,


limits the amount of product formed and is,
therefore, called the limiting reagent.
C + O2 CO2
L.O. Determine empirical formula of a compound

Empirical formula is the ratio of different kinds of atoms in a compound


while molecular formula is the actual number of different kinds of atoms in a
compound.

For eg., molecular formula of ethanoic acid is CH 3COOH (C2H4O2)

Its empirical formula would be ………….CH2O


What is the empirical formulae of the following:

(a) CH3COOC2H5

(b) CH3CH2CH2COOH
L.O. Determine empirical formula of a compound

Fe O
Mass/g 69.9 30.1
Atomic mass 56 16
Mole = mass/at mass 69.9/56 = 1.25 30.1/16 = 1.88
Mole ratio 1.25/1.25 = 1 1.88/1.25 = 1.5 X2

Empirical formula = Fe2O3


Try this out
A compound contains 4.07% Hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65% chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96
g/mol. What are its empirical and molecular formulae?

H C Cl
Mass/g 4.07 24.27 71.65
Atomic mass 1 12 35.5
moles 4.07/1 24.27/12 71.65/35.5
= 4.07 = 2.02 =2
Mole ratio 4.07 = 2 2.02 = 1 2/2 = 1
2 2
Empirical formula CH2Cl
=
Empirical formula mass = 12 + 2 + 35.5 = 49.5

“n” = molecular mass = 98.96 = 2


empirical mass 49.5

Molecular formula = [Empirical formula] x n = [CH2Cl] X 2 = C2H4Cl2


A compound is composed of 74% C, 8.7% H and 17.3% N. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. If the
molecular mass of the compound is 162 what is its molecular formula?

C H N
MASS 74 8.7 17.3
AT MASS 12 1 14
MOLES 74/12 = 6.16 8.7/1 = 8.7 17.3/14 = 1.235
MOLE RATIO 6.16/1.23 = 616/123 8.7/1.23 = 870/123 1.23/1.23 = 1
= 5 = 7
EMPIRICAL FORMULA = C5H7N

Empirical formula mass = 5(12) + 7(1) + 14 = 60 + 7 + 14 = 81


N = mol mass/emp mass = 162/81 = 2

Molecular formula = C5H7N x 2 = C10H14N2

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