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Coordination and Response.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
21 views71 pages

Coordination and Response.

presentation
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MAKING SENSE OF IGCSE BIOLOGY (4BI1)

Structure and Functions in Living Things


Topic 2j

Co-ordination and Response


Humans

Copyright © 2017 Henry Exham


Icons CC – The Pink Group
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Objectives
2.80 Understand how organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment.
2.81 Understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, and that body water
content and body temperature are both examples of homeostasis.
2.82 Understand that a co-ordinated response requires a stimulus, a receptor and an effector.
2.86 Describe how nervous and hormonal communication control responses and understand the differences between the two
systems.
2.87 Understand that the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nerves.
2.88 Understand that stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the
central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses.
2.89 Understand the role of neurotransmitters at synapses.
2.90 Describe the structure and functioning of a simple reflex arc illustrated by the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object.
2.91 Describe the structure and function of the eye as a receptor.
2.92 Understand the function of the eye in focusing on near and distant objects, and in responding to changes in light
intensity.
2.93 Describe the role of the skin in temperature regulation, with reference to sweating, vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
2.94 Understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone and
oestrogen.
2.95B Understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: ADH, FSH and LH.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


2
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change

• In order for living organisms


to find food, avoid danger or
find a mate they need to be
able to respond to changes in
their environment.
• Any change in an
environment is know as a
stimulus (pleural: stimuli).
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
3
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change

• Being able to respond to


stimuli keeps you alive!
• Organisms have receptors
that allow them to detect
stimuli.
• They can then coordinate
the required response.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
4
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change

• Not only do organisms need to be able to respond


to changes in their external environment but they
also need to do it for their internal environment.
• Cells must be kept in the right conditions for all the
metabolic reactions and enzymes to work
properly.
• Keeping your internal environment constant is
known as homeostasis.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
5
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Homeostasis
• The term homeostasis is defined as maintaining a constant
internal environment.

• What sort of things need to maintained?

Carbon dioxide
Water Salts
Glucose
pH
Temperature
Keeping your body balanced 6
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Coordination

• In order to detect all the external and internal


stimuli organisms need receptor cells.
• They then need effector cells which can bring
about the required response. These effectors
are usually muscle cells or a gland.
• There are two systems in humans that connect
the receptors to the effectors; the nervous
system and the endocrine system.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
7
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Coordination
• These two systems have different types of effects so depending
on the stimulus the organism will decide which system to use,
or it may use both.

The nervous system The endocrine system 8


Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Coordination

Nervous System Endocrine System


Communication is via impulses that Communication is via hormones that
travel down neurones. travel in the blood.
The response can take a long time to
The response happens instantly.
happen.

The response is short-lived. The response can last for a long time.

The impulse acts on one or a few cells Hormones can have a widespread
only. affect on many cells and organs.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


9
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System

• There are two parts:


– The Central Nervous System
(CNS) which consists of the
brain and spinal cord.
– The Peripheral Nervous
System which is all the nerves
that take information from our
sense organs into the CNS and
from the CNS out to effectors
(muscles or glands). "1201 Overview of Nervous System" by OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


Jun 19, 2013.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Commons -
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10
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System - Neurones

• The nervous system is made up of cells called


neurones.
• Neurones are long cells that carry electrical
impulses around the body at high speeds of
between 10 and 100 m/s.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


11
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System - Neurones
• There are 3 main types:
Sensory Relay Motor

Receptors CNS CNS CNS CNS Effectors

• The sensory neurones take the impulse from the receptors to the CNS.
The relay neurones link to other neurones within the CNS and then the
motor neurones take an impulse to the effectors to cause a response.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Synapses

• A synapse is a connection
between two neurones.
• The impulse is transferred
from one neurone to the
next using chemicals
called neurotransmitters.
• These chemicals diffuse
across the synapse.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
13
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Reflexes

• Many responses are coordinated by the brain.


• However, some can bypass the conscious part
of the brain altogether and happen
automatically.
• These are called reflexes.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


14
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Reflexes

• They are automatic and rapid so they prevent


you from injury and keep you alive!

For example

Iris constricting in bright Touching something very hot

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


15
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Reflexes
• The pathway taken by the information in a reflex is called a reflex arc.

The signal does not go up to the Sensory neurone


brain, but is processed in the
spinal cord via a relay neurone!

Relay neurone

Motor neurone Spinal cord


Muscle
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
16
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Reflexes

Sensory neurone

Coordinator
Receptor Relay neurone

Motor neurone Spinal cord


Stimulus
Effector
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Reflexes

Stimulus The candle

Receptor Temperature receptor in finger


Sensory neurone Sensory neurone

Coordinator Relay neurone in spinal cord


Motor neurone Motor neurone

Effector Muscle in arm

Response Arm moves away from candle


Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
18
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Sense organs
• Receptor cells are special cells adapted to detect stimuli.
• They are found in our sense organs:

Movement of
Light sound waves Chemical Chemical Pressure/heat

• The sense organs are adapted to detect specific types of


stimuli.
• In this course we will focus specifically on the eye as an
example of a sense organ. 19
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – Structure and function
Complete these activities to learn more about your eyes
Iris reflex Find your blind spot
• Look in a mirror at the size of your pupils. • Print this slide and look at the picture of the hat with
• Get a friend to shine a torch in your eyes your right eye while covering your left eye.
and see how the pupil changes. • Move the image closer to your face until the rabbit
disappears.

Find your dominant eye


• Hold a pencil vertically at arms length.
• Focus on an object in the distance in line with the
pencil.
• Close your left eye. If the pencil jumps to the side
then your left eye is dominant. If not try the same
with the right.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


20
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – Structure and function
Suspensory Ligament
Sclera

Retina
Ciliary Muscle
Vitreous Humour

Pupil Fovea
Cornea
Aqueous Humour Optic Nerve

Iris
Blind Spot
Choroid 21
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – Structure and function

Structure Function
Cornea It refracts light and protects the eye.
Iris Controls how much light enters the pupil.
Lens Focuses light onto the retina.
Optic Nerve Bundle of sensory neurones that carry the impulses to the brain.
Retina Layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains light receptor cells (rods and cones).

Fovea Area of the retina with highest concentration of cone cells that provides sharp vision.

Aqueous Humour Maintains the pressure in the eye and nourishes the cornea.
Vitreous Humour Maintains the shape of the eye and attaches to the retina.
Ciliary muscles Help change the shape of the lens in accommodation.
Sclera Tough outer layer that the muscles that move the eyeball attach to.
Pupil Hole in the center of the eye that lets light in.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
22
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – The iris reflex
• Very bright light can damage the retina so you have a reflex
that protects it.
• The iris can change the size of the pupil to control the
amount of light entering the eye.
• It does this using circular and radial muscles.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham Iris Pupil 23


2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – The iris reflex

Bright Light Dim Light


• Circular muscles contract. • Circular muscles relax.
• Radial muscles relax. • Radial muscles contract.
• Pupils constrict. • Pupils dilate.

Circular muscles contract Circular muscles relax

Radial muscles relax Radial muscles contract


Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
24
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – Focussing

• Humans can focus on near or


distant objects, but not both at
the same time. The lens has to
change shape.
• This is called accommodation.
• This is controlled by the ciliary
muscles and the suspensory
ligaments.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
25
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – Focussing

Focusing on a distant object.


• Ciliary muscles relax.
• Suspensory ligaments tighten.
• Lens is pulled thin.

Focusing on a close object.


• Ciliary muscles contract.
• Suspensory ligaments slacken.
• Lens becomes fatter.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
26
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Coordination
• Now that we’ve looked at the nervous system in detail let’s look
at the other system used to coordinate responses in humans.

The nervous system The endocrine system 27


Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System

• Consists of glands that secrete hormones.


• Endocrine glands secrete their products,
hormones, directly into the blood.
• They travel in the blood plasma around the
body.
• Hormones only act on the cells or organs that
have the correct receptors.
• We call these target cells and target organs.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
28
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System
• Here are the endocrine glands you should know about in this course

Pituitary gland

Adrenal gland
Pancreas

Ovaries
Testes
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
29
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System

• You need to know about the following hormones, where


they are released from, what their role and effects are.
1. Adrenaline
2. Insulin
3. Testosterone
4. Progesterone
5. Oestrogen
6. ADH
PAPER 2 ONLY!
7. FSH
8.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
LH 30
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System - Adrenaline

E NA LINE
• Adrenaline is released in times of stress or A DR
threat.
• It prepares the body for extreme physical
nal Gla nd s
: A d re
action, either by fighting off the threat or Source
running away.
or flig ht ’
• That is why it is known as the ‘fight or ‘Fig ht
Role:
flight’ effect.
h e a r t rate,
ct s : I n crease r l evels,
Effe lood su g a
a s e b rate,
incre ath in g
e bre
increas lood flow to
eb
increas
.
muscles

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


31
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System - Insulin
• After eating a meal your blood glucose level
INSULIN
increases.
• Blood glucose must be controlled within normal
limits or it can damage cells and alter the water e : Pa n creas
balance in the blood. Sourc
• So after a meal the pancreas detects the t rols b lood
n
increase in blood glucose levels and secretes Role: Co l
ve
the insulin into the blood where it has its sugar le
effects.
s : Sti m ulates
Effect b e sto red as
to
One cause of diabetes is when you glucose n the liver
ni
don’t produce the hormone insulin glycoge
and therefore need to manually
inject it

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


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32
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System - Testosterone

TE RONE
• Secondary sexual characteristics TESTOS
occur in puberty and include:

u rce : Testes
Voice breaking So
x h o rm one
Increased muscle Role: Male se

otes m ale
P r o m
Effects: s exual
d a r y
Pubic hair and facial secon
ra ct e r istics
hair growth cha

Sperm production

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


33
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System - Progesterone
TE RONE
• You will learn more about the menstrual cycle in PROGES
section 3a but progesterone keeps the uterus
lining nice and thick which is what is required for
a baby to grow in the uterus. rce : Ovaries
Sou
p regn ancy
o rts
Role: s u pp
the
t s : M a intains
Effec
ining
uterus l
uterus lining
Thickness of

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System - Oestrogen

TROGE N
• Also has a role in the menstrual cycle which will OES
be explained further in section 3a.
• And contributes to development of female
secondary sexual characteristics. rce : Ovaries
Sou
s ex h ormone
e
Role : Femal
Breasts develop
e s fe m ale
P romo t
Effe c t s :
Menstrual cycle starts r y s exual
secon d a
, m a j or role
teristic s
h a ra c
Pubic hair growth
c
n str u a l cycle
in me

Hips widen
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
35
PAPER 2
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans

PAPER 2
The Endocrine System - ADH

• This is discussed in detail in section 2i, but


A DH
essentially ADH controls how much water stays
in the blood or gets excreted in the urine. it u it a r y gland
P
Source:
re g u lation
s mo
Role: O

: I n c r e ase s
Effect s
a b il ity o f th e
perme u ct to water
gd
collectin re-absorbed
is
so more
od
into blo

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


36
PAPER 2
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans

PAPER 2
The Endocrine System - FSH

• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), causes a


FSH
follicle to mature in the ovary so that an egg
can be released. ita ry g land
Pit u
• It also effects oestrogen production. Source:
• This will all be outlined in more detail in section x h o rm on e
e : F e m ale se
3a on reproduction. Ro l
s a n e g g to
ff e c t s : Cause a ries to
E e o v
a t u r e a n d th
m
ce o e strogen
produ
Oestrogen
Progesterone

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


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PAPER 2
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans

PAPER 2
The Endocrine System - LH

• Luteinising hormone as you can see spikes just


LH
before day 14 in the menstrual cycle.
• This is because an egg is released (ovulation) ita ry g land
Pit u
on day 14. Source:
• This will all be outlined in more detail in section h ormo ne
e s ex
ma l
3a on reproduction. Role: Fe

v u lati on
O
Effects:

Oestrogen
Progesterone

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Homeostasis

• Remember the term homeostasis?


• It’s defined as maintaining a constant internal environment.
• One very important example of homeostasis is temperature
regulation.
• The human body needs to keep its core temperature as close
to 37oC as possible.
• This is to make sure enzymes are working at their optimum.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


39
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Homeostasis

If you get too hot and your If you get too cold and your
body temperature is above body temperature is below
40oC for a significant period 35oC for a significant period
of time you can get of time you can get
heatstroke hypothermia

Your enzymes work


Your enzymes slower and slower and
denature and you can you can no longer
no longer carry out carry out metabolic
metabolic reactions. reactions.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
40
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Homeostasis

• The temperature is monitored


by special receptors in the brain
and the skin.
• The CNS then coordinates the
response by activating the
necessary effectors to either
bring the temperature up if it is
too low, or take it down if it is
too high. 41
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Homeostasis – the skin

• The body uses the


sweat glands, the hair
follicles and the blood
vessels in order to
keep heat in or let it
out.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


42
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Homeostasis – the skin

• You can control the size of the blood vessels (arterioles) near
the surface of the skin.
• If you are too hot you can open up more blood vessels so the
blood flows near the skins surface and radiates heat to the
environment.
• This is called vasodilation.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


43
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Homeostasis – the skin

• If you are too cold you can close blood vessels so the
blood does not flow near the skin and does not lose
heat energy.
• This is called vasoconstriction.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


44
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Homeostasis – the skin

• If you are too hot you can lose heat by sweating.


• The sweat itself is water and salt from the body.
• The sweat will evaporate off the surface of the
skin using the heat energy.
• This cools you down.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


45
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Homeostasis – the skin

• If you are too cold your hairs can stand on end.


• This traps a layer of air around the skin which
is a very good insulator.
• This will stop you losing too much heat

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


http://www.flickr.com/photos/61532128@N00 46
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Homeostasis – the skin

• If you are too cold you can start to shiver.


• Shivering is caused by muscle contractions.
• This uses respiration which generates heat.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


47
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Homeostasis – the skin

Vasodilation

Sweating
HOT
COLD Vasoconstriction

Erect hairs Shivering


Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
48
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
CONCEPT CHECK – True or false

1. A change in the environment is a receptor.


2. Vasoconstriction is when your blood vessels get wider.
3. The sclera contains light sensitive cells.
4. Your circular muscles contract for the lens to get thinner.
5. A nerve impulse is slower than a hormone traveling in the blood.
6. Insulin controls blood water levels.
7. Progesterone builds up the uterus lining.
8. A sensory neurone takes messages to effectors.
9. A synapse is a gap between two neurones.
10. The central nervous system include the brain and the spinal cord.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
49
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
CONCEPT CHECK – True or false

1. A change in the environment is a receptor.


2. Vasoconstriction is when your blood vessels get wider.
3. The sclera contains light sensitive cells.
4. Your circular muscles contract for the lens to get thinner.
5. A nerve impulse is slower than a hormone traveling in the blood.
6. Insulin controls blood water levels.
7. Progesterone builds up the uterus lining.
8. A sensory neurone takes messages to effectors.
9. A synapse is a gap between two neurones.
10. The central nervous system include the brain and the spinal cord.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
50
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
CONCEPT CHECK – Exam style question
X 1a Which letter on this diagram represents a sensory neurone? (1)
W
…………………………………………………………….
1b Which letter on this diagram represents a motor neurone? (1)
…………………………………………………………….
1c What name is given to this type of pathway? (1)
Y Z …………………………………………………………….
1d The actual length of the pathway is 63cm and nervous impulses travel at a speed of 100m per second. Calculate the time it
took for the pathway to complete? (2)

…………………………….
1e The actual time it took was 0.0089 seconds, why was it slower? (1)

…………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


51
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
CONCEPT CHECK – Exam style question
X 1a Which letter on this diagram represents a sensory neurone? (1)
W
………… X …………………………………………….
1b Which letter on this diagram represents a motor neurone? (1)
………… Z ……………………………………………….
1c What name is given to this type of pathway? (1)
Y Z …………… Reflex arc ………………….
1d The actual length of the pathway is 63cm and nervous impulses travel at a speed of 100m per second. Calculate the time it
took for the pathway to complete? (2)

0.63 / 100 = 0.0063


…… 0.0063 seconds ……….
1e The actual time it took was 0.0089 seconds, why was it slower? (1)

……………………… Synapses ……………………….…………………………………………………………….

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


52
MAKING SENSE OF IGCSE BIOLOGY (4BI1)

Structure and Functions in Living Things


Topic 2j

Co-ordination and Response


Flowering Plants

Copyright © 2017 Henry Exham


Icons CC – The Pink Group
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Objectives
2.83 Understand that plants respond to stimuli.
2.84 Describe the geotropic and phototropic responses of roots and stems.
2.85 Understand the role of auxin in the phototropic response of stems.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


54
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change

• It’s not any animals that can respond to their environments in order
to increase the chance of survival. Plants can also respond to stimuli:

Mimosa Pudica Venus Fly Trap


Click on the images to watch the video about each plant
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
55
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change

• These examples are very quick responses which are


not typical in plants.
• A typical response in a plant is a change in growth.
• For example a plant may detect a certain stimuli like
light, and start growing towards it.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


56
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Tropisms

• A growth response of a
plant to directional stimuli is
called a tropism. This is
slow as it involves cell
division to see the results.
• If it grows towards the
stimuli it is a positive
tropism. If it grows away it
is a negative tropism. Cress seeds grown on a window sill
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
57
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Tropisms

• Tropisms are given different names dependent


on the stimuli.

Phototropism is a response to light Geotropism is a response to gravity

If it grows towards the stimuli it is a positive tropism. If it grows away it is a


negative tropism.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
58
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Phototropism

• Shoots grow towards the light so they are


positively phototropic.
• This is so it can maximise the amount of light it
gets for photosynthesis.

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59
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Phototropism

• If there is no light under the soil, how does a shoot


from a germinating seed know which way to grow?

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60
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Geotropism

• Because the shoot is also


negatively geotropic.
• So will detect gravity and
grow in the opposite
direction.

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61
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Roots

• The roots are positively


geotropic.
• This is so they can grow
down to get more water
and mineral ions.
• It also helps to anchor the
plant in the ground.
• The roots are also
negatively phototropic. 62
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Auxin

• So what causes these tropisms in the plant?

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


63
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Auxin

• The plant produces many


different plant hormones
(plant growth substances).
• The most important one of
these is called auxin.
• It’s produced at the tip of the
shoot and diffuses downwards.
• It causes cell elongation and
division.
Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham
64
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Auxin

• So how does it work with phototropism?


• Well, Auxin is produced at the tip of the shoot
and causes it to grow.

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65
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Auxin

• When light comes from one direction, the


auxins diffuse to the shaded side.

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66
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Auxin

• Therefore the shaded side elongates faster than the


illuminated side and the shoot bends towards the light.

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


67
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
CONCEPT CHECK – True or false

1. Plants respond to their environment.


2. A tropism is a fast response.
3. A positive tropism is when a plant grows towards the stimulus.
4. Roots are positively geotropic.
5. Stems are negatively geotropic.
6. Auxin is produced in the tip of the shoot.
7. Auxin causes cell division.
8. Auxin moves to the side of the shoot where the light is brightest.
9. Roots are negatively phototropic.
10. Positive phototropism maximises water absorption.
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2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
CONCEPT CHECK – True or false

1. Plants respond to their environment.


2. A tropism is a fast response.
3. A positive tropism is when a plant grows towards the stimulus.
4. Roots are positively geotropic.
5. Stems are negatively geotropic.
6. Auxin is produced in the tip of the shoot.
7. Auxin causes cell division.
8. Auxin moves to the side of the shoot where the light is brightest.
9. Roots are negatively phototropic.
10. Positive phototropism maximises water absorption.
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69
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
CONCEPT CHECK – Exam style question

A B

Before After Before After

Q: Explain the results shown in the above experiments A and B (5 Marks)

Copyright © 2018 Henry Exham


70
2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
CONCEPT CHECK – Exam style question

A B

Before After Before After

Q: Explain the results shown in the above experiments A and B (5 Marks)


Experiment A
Auxin has diffused to shaded side;
More cell division/elongation on shaded side;
Therefore has grown towards light;
Positive phototropism;
Experiment B
Tip cut off so no auxin produced;
Therefore no growth;
No positive phototropism;
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71

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