Coordination and Response.
Coordination and Response.
Carbon dioxide
Water Salts
Glucose
pH
Temperature
Keeping your body balanced 6
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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
Responding to change – Coordination
The response is short-lived. The response can last for a long time.
The impulse acts on one or a few cells Hormones can have a widespread
only. affect on many cells and organs.
• The sensory neurones take the impulse from the receptors to the CNS.
The relay neurones link to other neurones within the CNS and then the
motor neurones take an impulse to the effectors to cause a response.
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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Synapses
• A synapse is a connection
between two neurones.
• The impulse is transferred
from one neurone to the
next using chemicals
called neurotransmitters.
• These chemicals diffuse
across the synapse.
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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Nervous System – Reflexes
For example
Relay neurone
Sensory neurone
Coordinator
Receptor Relay neurone
Movement of
Light sound waves Chemical Chemical Pressure/heat
Retina
Ciliary Muscle
Vitreous Humour
Pupil Fovea
Cornea
Aqueous Humour Optic Nerve
Iris
Blind Spot
Choroid 21
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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – Structure and function
Structure Function
Cornea It refracts light and protects the eye.
Iris Controls how much light enters the pupil.
Lens Focuses light onto the retina.
Optic Nerve Bundle of sensory neurones that carry the impulses to the brain.
Retina Layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains light receptor cells (rods and cones).
Fovea Area of the retina with highest concentration of cone cells that provides sharp vision.
Aqueous Humour Maintains the pressure in the eye and nourishes the cornea.
Vitreous Humour Maintains the shape of the eye and attaches to the retina.
Ciliary muscles Help change the shape of the lens in accommodation.
Sclera Tough outer layer that the muscles that move the eyeball attach to.
Pupil Hole in the center of the eye that lets light in.
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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Eye – The iris reflex
• Very bright light can damage the retina so you have a reflex
that protects it.
• The iris can change the size of the pupil to control the
amount of light entering the eye.
• It does this using circular and radial muscles.
Pituitary gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
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2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
The Endocrine System
E NA LINE
• Adrenaline is released in times of stress or A DR
threat.
• It prepares the body for extreme physical
nal Gla nd s
: A d re
action, either by fighting off the threat or Source
running away.
or flig ht ’
• That is why it is known as the ‘fight or ‘Fig ht
Role:
flight’ effect.
h e a r t rate,
ct s : I n crease r l evels,
Effe lood su g a
a s e b rate,
incre ath in g
e bre
increas lood flow to
eb
increas
.
muscles
TE RONE
• Secondary sexual characteristics TESTOS
occur in puberty and include:
u rce : Testes
Voice breaking So
x h o rm one
Increased muscle Role: Male se
otes m ale
P r o m
Effects: s exual
d a r y
Pubic hair and facial secon
ra ct e r istics
hair growth cha
Sperm production
TROGE N
• Also has a role in the menstrual cycle which will OES
be explained further in section 3a.
• And contributes to development of female
secondary sexual characteristics. rce : Ovaries
Sou
s ex h ormone
e
Role : Femal
Breasts develop
e s fe m ale
P romo t
Effe c t s :
Menstrual cycle starts r y s exual
secon d a
, m a j or role
teristic s
h a ra c
Pubic hair growth
c
n str u a l cycle
in me
Hips widen
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35
PAPER 2
2j – Coordination and Response – Humans
PAPER 2
The Endocrine System - ADH
: I n c r e ase s
Effect s
a b il ity o f th e
perme u ct to water
gd
collectin re-absorbed
is
so more
od
into blo
PAPER 2
The Endocrine System - FSH
PAPER 2
The Endocrine System - LH
v u lati on
O
Effects:
Oestrogen
Progesterone
If you get too hot and your If you get too cold and your
body temperature is above body temperature is below
40oC for a significant period 35oC for a significant period
of time you can get of time you can get
heatstroke hypothermia
• You can control the size of the blood vessels (arterioles) near
the surface of the skin.
• If you are too hot you can open up more blood vessels so the
blood flows near the skins surface and radiates heat to the
environment.
• This is called vasodilation.
• If you are too cold you can close blood vessels so the
blood does not flow near the skin and does not lose
heat energy.
• This is called vasoconstriction.
Vasodilation
Sweating
HOT
COLD Vasoconstriction
…………………………….
1e The actual time it took was 0.0089 seconds, why was it slower? (1)
…………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….
• It’s not any animals that can respond to their environments in order
to increase the chance of survival. Plants can also respond to stimuli:
• A growth response of a
plant to directional stimuli is
called a tropism. This is
slow as it involves cell
division to see the results.
• If it grows towards the
stimuli it is a positive
tropism. If it grows away it
is a negative tropism. Cress seeds grown on a window sill
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2j – Coordination and Response – Flowering plants
Responding to change - Tropisms
A B
A B