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 Introduction of Computer Graphics and
Multimedia

Computer graphics

Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures, lines,

charts, etc using computers with the help of programming.
Computer graphics is made up of number of pixels.( Pixel is
the smallest graphical picture or unit represented on the
computer screen.)

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Multimedia
Multimedia is a combination of text, graphic, sound,
animation, and video that is delivered interactively to the
user by electronic or digitally manipulated means.

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 Major Areas of Computer Graphics

Modeling: It describes the process of forming the shape of

an object. Deals with the mathematical specification of
shape and appearance properties in a way that can be stored
on the computer.
Rendering: Is a term inherited from art and deals with the
creation of shaded images from 3D computer models.

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Animation: Is a technique to create an illusion of motion

through sequences of images. Animation uses modeling
and rendering but adds the key issue of movement over
time, which is not usually dealt with in basic modeling
and rendering.

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 Major Applications

• Computer graphics user interfaces (GUIs) – A graphic,

mouse-oriented paradigm which allows the user to interact
with a computer.
• Engineering drawings - mechanical, electrical, civil, etc. -
Replacing the blueprints of the past.

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• Art - Computers provide a new medium for artists.

• Entertainment - Movies and games.
• Architecture - Construction plans, exterior sketches -
replacing the blueprints and hand drawings of the past.

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 Cathode Ray Tube

• The electron gun emits a beam of electrons (cathode rays).

• The electron beam passes through focusing and deflection

systems that direct it towards specified positions on the
phosphor-coated screen.

• When the beam hits the screen, the phosphor emits a small
spot of light at each position contacted by the electron
beam.
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• It redraws the picture by directing the electron beam

back over the same screen points quickly.

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 Shadow-Mask

• Shadow-mask methods are commonly used in raster-scan

systems (including color TV) because they produce a much
wider range of color than the beam penetration method.
• A shadow-mask CRT has three phosphor color dots at each
pixel position. One phosphor dot emits a red light, another
emits a green light, and the third emits a blue light.

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• This type of CRT has three electron guns, one for each color
dot, and a shadow- mask grid just behind the phosphor –
coated screen. Fig.below illustrates the delta-delta shadow-
mask method, commonly used in color CRT systems.
• The three electron beam are deflected and focused as a
group onto the shadow mask, which contains a series of
holes aligned with the phosphor-dot patterns.
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• When the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow

mask, they activate a dot triangle, which appears as a small
color spot the screen the phosphor dots in the triangles are
arranged so that each electron beam can activate only its
corresponding color dot when it passes through the shadow
mask.

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 Beam Penetration method

• This CRT is similar to the simple CRT, but it makes use of

multi colored phosphorus of number of layers. Each
phosphorus layer is responsible for one color. All other
arrangements are similar to simple CRT. It can produce a
maximum of 4 to 5 colours

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• The red, green and blue phosphorus are coated in layers -

one behind the other.
• If a low speed beam strikes the CRT, only the red colored
phosphorus is activated, a slightly accelerated beam would
activate both red and green (because it can penetrate deeper)
and a much more activated one would add the blue
component also.
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• The basic problem is a reliable technology to accelerate the

electronic beam to precise levels to get the exact colors - it
is easier said than done. However, a limited range of colors
can be conveniently produced using the concept.

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 Raster Scan Displays

• In a raster- scan system, the electron beam is swept across

the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom.
• The electron beam moves across each row, the beam
intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of
illuminated spots.
• Picture definition is stored in memory area called
the refresh buffer or frame buffer.
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• This memory area holds the set of intensity values for all
the screen points.
• Stored intensity values are then retrieved from the refresh
buffer and “ painted” on the screen one row (scan line) at a
time (fig.below). Each screen point is referred to as
a pixel or pel (shortened forms of picture element).

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• Refreshing on raster-scan displays is carried out at the rate

of 60 to 80 frames per second,although some systems are
designed for higher refresh rates.
• Sometimes, refresh rates are described in units of cycles per
second, or Hertz (Hz), where a cycle corresponds to one
frame.

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• At the end of each scan line, the electron beam returns to the
left side of the screen to begin displaying the next scan line.
• The return to the left of the screen, after refreshing each
scan line, is called the horizontal retrace of the electron
beam.
• At the end of each frame (displayed in 1/80th to 1/60th of a
second), the electron beam returns (vertical retrace)to the
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top left corner of the screen to begin the next frame.
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• On some raster-scan systems (and in TV sets), each frame is

displayed in two passes using an interlaced refresh
procedure.
• In the first pass, the beam sweeps across every other scan
line from top to bottom. Then after the vertical retrace, the
beam sweeps out the remaining scan lines(figure below).

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• Interlacing of the scan lines in this way allows us to see the

entire screen displayed in one-half the time it would have
taken to sweep across all the lines at once from top to
bottom.

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 Random-Scan Displays

• Random scan monitors draw a picture one line at a time and

for this reason are also referred to as vector displays
(or stroke-writing or calligraphic displays).
• The component lines of a picture can be drawn and
refreshed by a random-scan system in any specified order.
• Refresh rate on a random-scan system depends on the
number of lines to be displayed .
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• Picture definition is now stored as a set of line-drawing

commands in an area of memory referred to as the refresh
display file.
• The refresh display file is called the display list, display
program, or simply the refresh buffer.
• To display a specified picture, the system cycles through the
set of commands in the display file, drawing each
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component line in turn.
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• After all line- drawing commands have been processed, the

system cycles back to the first line command in the list.
• Random-scan displays are designed to draw al the
component lines of a picture 30 to 60times each second.

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 Inkjet Laser Printer

• A laser printer is a printer for computers. It uses LED-technology to

get small particles of toner from a cartridge onto paper.

• Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process. It produces

high-quality text and graphics (and moderate-quality photographs)
by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively
charged cylinder called a "drum" to define a differentially-charged
image.
Inkjet Laser Printer
 Dot Matrix Printer

Dot matrix printing or impact matrix printing is a type of

computer printing which uses a print head that moves back-and-forth, or
in an up-and-down motion, on the page and prints by impact, striking an
ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print
mechanism on a typewriter.
 Keyboard

• In computing, a computer keyboard is a typewriter-style

device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as a
mechanical lever or electronic switch. Following the decline of punch
cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards
became the main input device for computers.
 Mouse

• An optical computer mouse uses a light source, typically an LED,

and a light detector, such as an array of photodiodes, to detect
movement relative to a surface. It is an alternative to the mechanical
mouse, which uses moving parts to sense motion.
 Scanner

• In computing, an image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner,

although the term is ambiguous out of context (barcode scanner, CAT
scanner, etc.)—is a device that optically scans images, printed
text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image.
 Digital Camera

• A digital camera or digicam is a camera that encodes digital

images and videos digitally and stores them for later reproduction.
Most cameras sold today are digital, and digital cameras are
incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile
phones (called camera phones) to vehicles.