Unit - 1 L4
Unit - 1 L4
PROGRAMMING WITH
JAVA
Course Name: Java Programming
Course Number: P17CAI3203
Credits: 4
Pre-requisite: NIL
Course Description:
This course introduces computer programming using the JAVA
programming language with object-oriented programming principles.
Emphasis is placed on event-driven programming methods, including
creating and manipulating objects, classes, and using object-oriented
tools such as the class debugger. Upon completion students should be
able to design, code, test, and debug JAVA language programs.
Learning
Objectives
After successful completion of this course, the students should be able to
CO1: Apply the fundamental core java, packages, database connectivity for
computing
CO2: Implement Java programs.
CO3 :Make use of hierarchy of Java classes to provide a solution to a given set
of requirements found in the Java API
CO4:Use the frameworks JSP, Hibernate, Spring
CO5: Design and implement server side programs using Servlets and JSP.
Sources of
Content
Herbert Schildt, The Complete Reference – Java 2, Ninth Edition,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2014
www.javaTpoint.com
Agenda
Java features – Java Platform –
Java Fundamentals –
Expressions, Operators, and
Control Structures – Classes,
Methods – Inheritance - Packages
and Interfaces – Boxing, Unboxing
– Variable-Length Arguments
(Varargs), Exception Handling.
Object-Oriented Languages
• The focus of OOP languages is not on structure,
but on modeling data.
• Programmers code using “ blueprints” of
data models called classes.
• Examples of OOP languages include
C++, Visual Basic.NET and Java.
7
Early programming languages
1950s 1960s 1970s
Simula
Lisp
Algol60 Algol68
Fortran Pascal
PL\1
Ada Ada98 C#
11
OOP
• OOP is mainly a program design philosophy.
• OOP uses a different set of programming
languages than old procedural
languages (C, Pascal, etc.). programming
• Everything in OOP is as
grouped sustainable "objects". self
you of four main object-gain re-
Hence,by means
usability
oriented programming concepts.
12
OOP
• In OOP programmers define not only the data type of a data
structure, but also the types of operations/methods
(functions) that can be applied to the data structure.
• In this way, the data structure becomes an object that
includes both data and functions (methods) in one unit. In
addition, programmers can create relationships between
one object and another.
• For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other
objects.
13
Object-Oriented Programming Languages
· Pure OO Languages
Eiffel, Actor, Emerald, JADE, Obix, Ruby, Python, Scala,
Smalltalk, Self.
· Hybrid OO Languages
Delphi/Object Pascal, C++, Java, C#, VB.NET, Pascal,
Visual Basic, MATLAB, Fortran, Perl, COBOL 2002,
PHP, ABAP, Ada 95.
14
OOP
Key idea in object-oriented:
15
OOP Basic Terminology
Object
- usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
Method
- an action performed by an object (a verb)
Property or attribute
- Characteristics of certain object.
Class
- a category of similar objects (such as automobiles), does
not hold any values of the object ’s attributes/properties
16
Introduction
– A Brief Programming History
– OOP
– Classes & Objects
17
Classes and Objects
• A class is a prototype, idea, and blueprint for
creating objects.
• An object is an instance of a class.
• For example, in Java we define
classes, which in turn are used to create
objects
• A class has a constructor for creating objects
• Class is composed of three things: its
name, attributes/properties, and methods.
18
Classes (objects)
Class
Class Properties:
Objects: Belong to the class
Instances of the class
Methods:
Functions of class
Instance Properties:
Belong to the object
19
Classes & Objects
A class is a definition of
objects with the same
properties and the same
methods.
20
Classes Example
21
Almost everything in the world can be
represented as an object
23
More about objects
• Informally, an object represents an entity, either
physical, conceptual, or software.
– Physical entity
Truck
– Conceptual entity
Chemical
Process
– Software entity
Linked List
24
More formal definition of an “Object”
25
Classes & Objects
“XCC”la
ACsRAs
R
PROPERTY METHOD
Plate no: AD47483
PROPERTY
Color: Blue M
Move s
MMoovvDoeessomething:
s
ManufAatctrtuibruerte: Moves right
function & procedure
Morerscteadtees Model: bbaacckleft
Moves wwaarrdd
k
CLK E T HOD
foStops
rw ard
Gear type: Automatic
26
Classes & Objects
class
Time
inTime
hour Attributes:
hour = 8
minute minute = 30
Methods:
void
void addMinutes( int addMinute
m) s(int m)
outTime
Attributes:
hour =
17
minute = 35
Methods:
objects
void
addMinute
s(int m)
27
Class/Object
Each copy of an
object from a
particular class is
called an instance
of the class.
28
Class/Object
29
In short…
• An Object is a Class when it comes alive!
• Homo Sapien is a class, John and Jack are
objects
• Animal is a class “Snowball” the cat is an
object
• Vehicle is a class My neighbor's BMW is an
object
• Galaxy is a class, the MilkyWay is an
object 30
Technical contrast between Objects &
Classes
CLASS OBJECT
Class is a data type Object is an instance of Class.
Message
Property Property
Method Method
Object 3
Property
Method
33
Example of Object Interaction
• The OrderEntryForm wants Order to calculate the total NOK
value for the order.
calculateOrderTotal()
orderID
date
salesTotal
tax
shipDate
Message
OrderEntryForm Order
The class Order has the responsibility to calculate the total NOK value.
34
OOP Basic Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism
35
Encapsulation
36
Encapsulation
• Is the inclusion of property & method within a
class/object in which it needs to function properly.
• Also, enables reusability of an instant of an
already implemented class within a new class
while hiding & protecting the method and
properties from the client classes.
37
Encapsulation
• The class is kind of a container or capsule or a cell,
which encapsulate the set of methods, attributes and
properties to provide its indented functionalities to other
classes.
• In that encapsulation also allows a class
sense,
change to
its internal implementation without hurting
the
overall functioning of the system.
• That idea of encapsulation is to hide how a class does its
operations while allowing requesting its operations.
38
Encapsulation in action
Example:
• Let’s say we have a class called “Date” (day,
month, year). And then you need to define
another class called “Person” that has the
following attributes (first name, last name, and
birthdate). So in this case we can instantiate an
object from class “Date” inside class “Person”.
39
Encapsulation –
Benefits
Ensures that structural changes remain local:
Changing the class internals does not affect any
code outside of the class
Changing methods'
implementation does not reflect the clients using them
Encapsulation allows adding some logic
when accessing client's data
E.g. validation on modifying a property value
41
Inheritance
• Inheritance—a way of organizing classes
• Term comes from inheritance of traits like
eye color, hair color, and so on.
• Classes properties in common can be
with
grouped so that their common properties
are only defined once in parent class.
• Superclass – inherit its attributes & methods to
the subclass(es).
• Subclass can inherit all its
attributes
– & methods
superclassbesides having its
own unique attributes & methods.
42
Inheritance
• Inheritance allows child classes to inherit
the characteristics of existing parent class
• Attributes (fields and properties)
• Operations (methods)
• Child class can extend the parent class
• Add new fields and methods
• Redefine methods (modify existing behavior)
• A class can implement an interface by providing
implementation for all its methods
47
47
Inheritance
44
Inheritance
45
Inheritance –
Example
Base
Person class
+Name: String
+Address: String
Derived Derived
class class
Employee Student
+Company: String +School: String
+Salary: double
+Name: String +Name: String
+Address: String +Address: String
50
50
An Inheritance Hierarchy
Superclass
Vehicle
Subclasses
51
Example: Single Inheritance
One class inherits from another.
Ancestor
Account
- balance
- name
Superclass - number
(parent)
+ withdraw()
+ createStatement()
Inheritance
Relationship
Savings Checking
Subclasses
Descendents 52
Example: Multiple Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
50
Type of Classes
51
Abstraction
• Abstraction is a design principle.
52
Abstraction
• Abstraction allows programmers to represent complex
real world in the simplest manner.
• It is a process of identifying the relevant qualities and
behaviors an object should possess, in other word
represent the necessary features without representing
the back ground details
• You should always use abstraction to ease reusability,
and understanding for the design and enable extension.
• When we design the abstract classes, we define
the
53
framework for later extensions.
Abstraction
• An abstract class, which declared with the
“abstract” keyword, cannot be instantiated.
• It can only be used as a super-class for
other classes that extend the abstract
class. Abstract class is a design concept
and implementation gets completed when
it is being realized by a subclass.
54
Abstraction - type of classes
DOB:
Person Name:
Address:
DOB: DOB:
Name: Teacher Student Name:
Address: Address:
Specialization: GPA:
Academic Title: Courses:
Etc…: Etc…:
Can be instantiated directly 59
Abstraction
• An abstract class is a class that may not have any direct
instances.
• An abstract operation is an that it
operation incomplete and requires
a
implementation child
of to
the operation. is
supply
Shape
{abstract} Abstract class an
draw () {abstract} Abstract operation
Circle Rectangle
draw () draw () 56
OOP Basic Concepts
– Encapsulation
– Inheritance
– Abstraction
– Polymorphism
57
Polymorphism
58
Polymorphism
• Polymorphisms is a generic term that means 'many
shapes'. More precisely Polymorphisms means the
ability to request that the same methods be performed
by a wide range of different types of things.
• In OOP, polymorphisms is a technical issue and
principle.
• It is achieved by using many different techniques named
method overloading, operator overloading, and method
overriding.
59
Polymorphism
60
Polymorphism
• In Java, two or more classes could each have a
method called output
• Each output method would do the right thing
for the class that it was in.
• One output might display a number
(output.number) in one class, whereas it might
display a name (output.text) in another class.
61
Polymorphism
• It is the ability to look at a class in
its parent image.
• Lets see the robot example throughout the
following few slides
62
Polymorphism- Abstract class, again!!!!
64
public class WheeledRobot:Robot
{
public override void Move()
{
// actions of Wheeled robot to move
}
}
65
public void moveRobot(Robot A)
{
A.Move();
}
66
public moveAllRobots()
{
LeggedRobot lr = new LeggedRobot();
WheeledRobot wr = new WheeledRobot();
moveRobot(lr);
moveRobot(wr);
}
67
Polymorphism
S hi a
BDraw()
Void
rpde
S.Draw()
C.Draw()
T.Draw(
)
68
Concluding Remarks
69
Advantages of OOP
• Code reuse & recycling
• Improved software-development productivity
• Improved software maintainability
• Faster development
• Lower cost of development
• Higher-quality software
• Encapsulation
70
Disadvantages of OOP
• Steep learning curve
• Could lead to larger program sizes
• Could produce slower programs
71
OOP Suitability
• Object oriented programming is good in
complex projects or modular type of
systems. It allows simultaneous system
development teams and also could aid
in agile system development
environments like Xtreme Programming.
72
References
MIT OpenCourseWare:
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-01sc-
introduction-to-electrical-engineering-and-computer-science-i-spring-2011/unit-1-
software-engineering/object-oriented-programming
Larman, C. (2012). Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to
Object- Oriented Analysis and Design and Iterative Development, 3/e. Pearson
Education
India.
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming
https://www.udacity.com/wiki/classes
https://weblogs.java.net/blog/potty/archive/2014/01/20/introduction-object-
oriented-programming-oop-part-i
Lischner, Ray. "Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming." Exploring C++ 11.
73
Apress, 2013. 239-244.