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Lecture 11 - Optical Multiplexing

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107 views14 pages

Lecture 11 - Optical Multiplexing

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Rod
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Optical transmission networks

ETE 4050

Lecture 10: Multiplexing in Fiber optic systems


Objectives

• Define the concept of multiplexing in optical fiber systems

• Explain the working of optical time division multiplexing

• Distinguish between coarse wave division multiplexing (CWDM)

and dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM)


Introduction

• Multiplexing is a critical part of any communication system where multiple


users transmit data simultaneously using a single link.
• As optic fiber cables offer a huge bandwidth, they have become the media of
choice for all high speed data transfers and video.
• But optical multiplexing is generally required to take advantage of this
bandwidth.
• Advantages of multiplexing
1. It increases channel utilization
2. It decreases costs as users share the same link
3. It provides general efficiency as multiple signals can use the same channel
Optical multiplexing

• Optical multiplexers are basically passive (do not add gain to a signal) optical
filter systems which are arranged to process specific wavelengths into and out
of the fiber system.
• Techniques used for optical systems
1. Optical time division multiplexing (OTDM)
• Here wavelengths are separated in time.

2. Wave division multiplexing (WDM)


• Here, each massage is assigned a unique carrier frequency with a carrier spacing of about 50GHz.
• WDM is further divided into coarse wave division multiplexing (CWDM) dense wave division
multiplexing (DWDM).
Optical time division multiplexing (OTDM)

• OTDM works on the same principles as electrical TDM


• It’s a powerful multiplexing technique that delivers high data capacity (above
40Gbps) on optical fiber cables.
• OTDM system structure
• The overall OTDM structure is divided into three basic blocks
1. Transmitter – consisting of light sources, modulators, channel alignment
mechanisms and multiplexer.
2. Line – Consisting of optical fiber cables and optical amplifiers
3. Receiver – Made of receiver synchronizing circuit and de-multiplexer
Wave division multiplexing (WDM)
• Different users use the same fiber link to transmit data
• The users use different wavelengths (different colors) and thus they do not interfere
with each other.
• On the transmitter side, n-users are modulated onto n high frequency carriers, each
with a unique wavelength.
• A wavelength multiplexer then combines the signals and couples them into a single
optical fiber cable.
• Wave division multiplexing increases the capacity of an optic fiber link.

• It allows signals corresponding to different sources to be transmitted over the same


fiber at different wavelengths.
Wave division multiplexing
Types of WDM

• Coarse wave division multiplexing (CWDM)


• Uses a relatively small number of channels, e.g. four or eight with a large
spacing between the channels (of about 20nm)
• Resulting data rates are enough to support metropolitan area networks
(MANs)
• Dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM)
• Uses a relatively larger number of channels, usually (40,80 and 160)
• Channel spacing is much smaller than in CWDM(usually 0.8nm)
• Used for large data capacities especially the internet backbone
Optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM)

• A device used in WDM systems for multiplexing and routing


different light channels into and out of a single mode fiber (SMF).

• Device can add one or more new wavelength channels to an existing


WDM signal.

• Device can also drop or remove certain channels, passing those


signals to another network path.
Variants of OADM
• There are mainly three types of OADM with different package
form factors:
1. Plug-in module,

2. Pigtailed ABS box

3. Rack mount chassis.


Summary questions

• What multiplexing and why is it needed in communication systems?

• Explain the basic principle of wave division multiplexing.

• Distinguish between CWDM and DWDM in terms of number of wavelengths


supported, the typical guardbands, the network scale its used on and the
transmission distance supported.

• Explain the use of add/drop multiplexers on fiber optic links.

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