Abstract

Writing
- Presentation
oup 6
gr
-
 EA RC
RES
H

Have you ever How come people

wondered that get to know about
what we get after your findings or
doing a research?? results?
 E A RC The answer is obviously: a research paper or a
RE S
H research article. A research paper have
following components:
1. Introduction
2. Abstract
3. Literature Review
4. Methodology
5. Discussion
6. Results
7. Conclusions
Ai
m
This presentation is aimed to Build a basic understanding
and concept of Abstract writing.
 1. Introduct
i o n
2 . S tructu
re
& o r g a n
3.Key Fea tur i

Objective zation
es. 4.
ples
Exam
nd cas
e

s
study
5.Differenc
e s 6 .W r i t i n g
Introductio
n
Introd
uction
An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis.

Writing an abstract is like creating a condensed version of your work,

providing a brief summary that highlights the key points and findings of a
larger piece of writing, such as a research paper, thesis, or art.
 It is a well-developed single paragraph of approximately

Introductio 250 words in length, which is indented and single

spaced. The function of the abstract is to outline briefly
all parts of the paper.

n Although it is placed at the beginning of your paper,

immediately following the title page, the abstract should
be the last thing that you write, once you are sure of the
conclusions you will reach.
Introductio S UM M ARIZE
OINT
KEYP

An abstract concisely captures the core ideas, findings, and

nPURPOS
significance of a larger work.

PIQUE INTERES T
ES

It entices or motivates the reader to delve deeper into the full

text by highlighting the most compelling aspects.

FAC ILITATE RES EARC H

Abstract help researchers quickly identify relevant studies and

determine if the content is applicable to their research.
Introductio WHERE IT IS
TO WRITE
NEC ES S AY
AN ABS TRA

nREQUIREM E
C T??
Abstracts are usually required for:
submission of articles to journals
NT application for research grants
completion and submission of theses
1. Theses (a long essay or dissertation involving personal
research, written by a candidate for a university degree.)
submission of proposals for conference papers
2. A conference paper is the text of a paper or presentation
given at a conferences, which has been organised by a society
or an organisation.
Struct
Organizatio
ure &
n
Struct
ure &
Organization
o f r e s e a r cAhb ps at rpaecr tss, g i v i n g r e aadreer s al i
quick overviewof the study's purpos
ke e , m e t h o d sc, o n d er ne s eu dl t s , av ne dr s i o n
s conclusions.
Here are the typicalcomponents o
f abstract writing:
Reason f o r w r i t i n g :B a c k g r o
und Objectives
Method
s Result
s
Conclusio
n Keyword
Struct 1.REAS ONFOR
WRITING :BAC KG RO

Organizatio
ure &
UND
What is the importance of the research? Why would a
reader be interested in the larger work?

n Begin by providing a concise overview of the background

or context of your research. Explain the problem or
research gap that your study addresses. This sets the stage
and helps readers understand the relevance of your work.
Struct 2 .OBJEC TIVES / PPRO
BLEM S TATEM E
Organizatio
ure &
NT
What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is

n
the scope of the project? What is the main argument,
thesis or claim?

Although it is placed at the beginning of your paper,

immediately following the title page, the abstract should
be the last thing that you write, once you are sure of the
conclusions you will reach..
 3.M ETHODS : M THODOL

Struct OG Y
An abstract of a scientific work may include specific

Organizatio
ure &
models or approaches used in the larger study. Other
abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in the
research.

n Briefly describe the methods or approach used in

your research. Include key details such as study
design, data collection methods, sample size, and
analytical techniques. This section should give readers
a sense of how you conducted the study.
.
 4.RES UL

Struct TS
An abstract of a scientific work may include specific data

Organizatio
that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts

ure &
may discuss the findings in a more general way.

n
An Summarize the key findings or results of your study.
Focus on the most important outcomes and any significant
trends or patterns. Use quantitative data if applicable, but
also highlight qualitative insights if they are relevant.
Struct 6.KEYWOR

Organizatio
ure &
DS
Lastly, include a list of keywords or phrases that capture
the essence of your research. These keywords help index

n your abstract in databases and make it more discoverable

to researchers in your field.

There should be 5 to 6 keywords at the end of the

abstract
Key
Feature
 Key
Feature
Abstract writing is the process of creating a brief, concise, and accurate summary of a larger work, such as a
research paper, article, or document. An abstract is typically 150-250 words in length and is intended to
provide an overview of the main points, methodology, results, and conclusions of the full work.

s Clarity Focus on Objective

concisenes main point tone
Brevity
s
Self Contained

No Citations
Key and
No words
acronyms references
Key
Feature 1.BREVITY

sAbstracts are typically short, ranging from 150 to 250 words.

Example: An abstract for a research paper on the effects of climate change on polar bears might
be:
“This study examines the impact of climate change on polar bear populations. We analyzed data
from 2000 to 2020 and found a significant decline in polar bear numbers. Our results suggest that
climate change. is a major threat to polar bear survival. (147 words).”
Key
Feature 2.C LEAR AND C O
NC IS E LANG U

s
AG E

Abstracts should use simple and straightforward language to convey

complex ideas.

Example: Instead of saying "The paradigmatic shift in global temperatures has precipitated a
concomitant decline in Ursus maritimus populations"

say : "Climate change has caused a significant decline in polar bear populations."
Key
Feature 3.FOC US ON M AIN POINT

s
Abstracts should highlight the most important information, omitting minor details.

Example: An abstract for a paper on a new medical treatment might focus on the treatment's
efficacy and safety, rather than the details of the research methodology.

Topic : New Medical Treatment

Focus on: Treatment Efficacy and safety.

Should not focus on: Research methodology,
Key
Feature 4.OBJEC TIVE TONE

sAbstracts should maintain a neutral, objective tone, avoiding personal opinions or biases.

Example: Topic: New Medical Treatment

Instead of saying "This revolutionary new treatment is a game-changer for cancer patients," Say :
"This study examines the efficacy and safety of a new cancer treatment, with promising
results."
Key
Feature 5 . N OC I T A T I O N S AND REFERENC ES

sNo citations or references:

Abstracts typically do not include citations or references, as they are meant to stand alone.

Example: An abstract might state "Previous research has shown that exercise improves mental
health" without including a citation.
Key
Feature 7.US E OFKEYWORDS

sKeywords:
Abstracts often include relevant keywords to facilitate search and indexing.

Example: An abstract for a paper on climate change might include keywords like "climate
change," "polar bears," and "global warming."
Key
Feature
8.S ELF-C ONTAINED
s Self-contained:
Abstracts should be able to stand alone, providing enough context for readers to understand the
research without needing to read the full paper.

Example: An abstract might include a brief background and context section to help
readers understand the research.
Examp
Case
les &
study
Example
s EXAMPLE 1
Myze aims to create a confident shopping experience for the everyday
online shopper. Where we will recommend users the correct size for
the shirt/clothing that they are purchasing from an online retailer by
using Big Data and machine learning.
Example
s EXAMPLE 1
Myze aims to create a confident shopping experience for the everyday
online shopper. Where we will recommend users the correct size for
the shirt/clothing that they are purchasing from an online retailer by
using Big Data and machine learning.
Example
s EXAMPLE 1
Myze aims to create a confident shopping experience for the everyday
online shopper. Where we will recommend users the correct size for
the shirt/clothing that they are purchasing from an online retailer by
using Big Data and machine learning.
Example
s
Example 2
This research focuses on Latinx transfer student’s experiences and how well they adapt to the university climate. Using Latinx
Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) theory as an approach to understanding how Latino students used their culture and social
awareness to navigate through their transition into their university. Identifying what resources and programs are being used to
help with their transition is a key tool used to identify what leads to their educational, professional, and personal developments
when adapting to the university. This information is gathered through interviews and scholarly articles that cover similar
findings of transfer students. Also, through this research, we are gathering information that can highlight how Latino transfer
students are neglected. Leading, to how students who have shortcomings in their goals, while they trying to adapt. This research
will show how there are ways to navigate such systems and provide a service on how Latino students can successfully have
positive experiences. Universities have a historical elitist culture that is not accessible to all students. In this research, I will
highlight the gatekeeping that is used around these schools. This awareness is to help these students prepare themselves for the
realities of university life.
Example
s
Example 2
This research focuses on Latinx transfer student’s experiences and how well they adapt to the university climate. Using Latinx
Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) theory as an approach to understanding how Latino students used their culture and social
awareness to navigate through their transition into their university. Identifying what resources and programs are being used to
help with their transition is a key tool used to identify what leads to their educational, professional, and personal developments
when adapting to the university. This information is gathered through interviews and scholarly articles that cover similar
findings of transfer students. Also, through this research, we are gathering information that can highlight how Latino transfer
students are neglected. Leading, to how students who have shortcomings in their goals, while they trying to adapt. This research
will show how there are ways to navigate such systems and provide a service on how Latino students can successfully have
positive experiences. Universities have a historical elitist culture that is not accessible to all students. In this research, I will
highlight the gatekeeping that is used around these schools. This awareness is to help these students prepare themselves for the
realities of university life.
Example
s
Example 2
This research focuses on Latinx transfer student’s experiences and how well they adapt to the university climate. Using Latinx
Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) theory as an approach to understanding how Latino students used their culture and social
awareness to navigate through their transition into their university. Identifying what resources and programs are being used to
help with their transition is a key tool used to identify what leads to their educational, professional, and personal developments
when adapting to the university. This information is gathered through interviews and scholarly articles that cover similar
findings of transfer students. Also, through this research, we are gathering information that can highlight how Latino transfer
students are neglected. Leading, to how students who have shortcomings in their goals, while they trying to adapt. This research
will show how there are ways to navigate such systems and provide a service on how Latino students can successfully have
positive experiences. Universities have a historical elitist culture that is not accessible to all students. In this research, I will
highlight the gatekeeping that is used around these schools. This awareness is to help these students prepare themselves for the
realities of university life.
Example
s
Example 2
This research focuses on Latinx transfer student’s experiences and how well they adapt to the university climate. Using Latinx
Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) theory as an approach to understanding how Latino students used their culture and social
awareness to navigate through their transition into their university. Identifying what resources and programs are being used to
help with their transition is a key tool used to identify what leads to their educational, professional, and personal developments
when adapting to the university. This information is gathered through interviews and scholarly articles that cover similar
findings of transfer students. Also, through this research, we are gathering information that can highlight how Latino transfer
students are neglected. Leading, to how students who have shortcomings in their goals, while they trying to adapt. This research
will show how there are ways to navigate such systems and provide a service on how Latino students can successfully have
positive experiences. Universities have a historical elitist culture that is not accessible to all students. In this research, I will
highlight the gatekeeping that is used around these schools. This awareness is to help these students prepare themselves for the
realities of university life.
Example
s
Example 2
This research focuses on Latinx transfer student’s experiences and how well they adapt to the university climate. Using Latinx
Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) theory as an approach to understanding how Latino students used their culture and social
awareness to navigate through their transition into their university. Identifying what resources and programs are being used to
help with their transition is a key tool used to identify what leads to their educational, professional, and personal developments
when adapting to the university. This information is gathered through interviews and scholarly articles that cover similar
findings of transfer students. Also, through this research, we are gathering information that can highlight how Latino transfer
students are neglected. Leading, to how students who have shortcomings in their goals, while they trying to adapt. This research
will show how there are ways to navigate such systems and provide a service on how Latino students can successfully have
positive experiences. Universities have a historical elitist culture that is not accessible to all students. In this research, I will
highlight the gatekeeping that is used around these schools. This awareness is to help these students prepare themselves for the
realities of university life.
Example
s
Activity: Example 3
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the USA and seventh worldwide. Older individuals
are at a significantly higher risk of developing PAAD, with 80% of PAAD tumors developing in patients between the ages of 60 and
80 years. Since patients seldom exhibit symptoms until advanced stages of the disease, the most significant challenge in combating
PAAD is detecting the disease in its early stages. There are currently no proven markers for PAAD, making early diagnosis virtually
impossible. Recent studies have shown that the intratumoral microbiome may play a role in the development of PAAD. We aim to
identify dysbiotic microbes between PAAD and normal samples and characterize their effects on immune signaling that may alter
PAAD carcinogenesis. This will be accomplished through the mining and analysis of patient RNA-sequencing data using various
computational analyses that correlate between microbial abundance, host gene expression, and clinical outcomes. We hypothesize that
changes to the microbiome over time as the host ages may lead to deleterious signaling that leads to PAAD, and therefore may
explain why age is such a significant risk

factor. We hope that our findings may eventually contribute to the development of better immunotherapy strategies and
diagnostic tools for patients with PAAD, thereby improving the prognosis of these patients
Example
s
Activity: Example 3
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in the USA and seventh worldwide. Older individuals
are at a significantly higher risk of developing PAAD, with 80% of PAAD tumors developing in patients between the ages of 60 and
80 years. Since patients seldom exhibit symptoms until advanced stages of the disease, the most significant challenge in combating
PAAD is detecting the disease in its early stages. There are currently no proven markers for PAAD, making early diagnosis virtually
impossible. Recent studies have shown that the intratumoral microbiome may play a role in the development of PAAD. We aim to
identify dysbiotic microbes between PAAD and normal samples and characterize their effects on immune signaling that may alter
PAAD carcinogenesis. This will be accomplished through the mining and analysis of patient RNA-sequencing data using various
computational analyses that correlate between microbial abundance, host gene expression, and clinical outcomes. We hypothesize that
changes to the microbiome over time as the host ages may lead to deleterious signaling that leads to PAAD, and therefore may
explain why age is such a significant risk

factor. We hope that our findings may eventually contribute to the development of better immunotherapy strategies and
diagnostic tools for patients with PAAD, thereby improving the prognosis of these patients
Example Activity: Example 3: Solution

s
Writing
tips
Writing
tips T i p st o b e F o l l o w
ed

4Cs TYPICAL NO REMINDERS

Complete ------Title---- Read Directions

Concise -----Name--- Proofread
Clear ----Citations---- Have Mentor Read
Cohesive ----References---- Eliminate Jargon

* ( JARGON : Specified Language used in a field )

 Writing
tips B e s tP r a c t i c e s
ct Writing :
of Abstra

1. Understand the purpose:

An Abstract is a concise summary of your work. It should give readers a quick understanding of your
topic, method ,result and conclusions.
2. Know the requirements:
Purpose / Objective
Methodology:
Result / Finding
Conclusion / Implication
\
Writing tips
Best Practices of
Abstract Writing
: ABCs of Abstract writing:
3.Focus on the
1. A = Accuracy
2. B = Brevity
3. C= Clarity

4. Start with a Strong Opening sentence:

Begin with a sentence that clearly states the topic and grabs the reader’s attention. This could be a
compelling fact, question or summary statement.

5. Highlight the relevance:

Explain why your topic is important or how if relates to your audience interest or needs.
Writing
tips
B e s tP r a c t i c e s of Abstract Writing :

6. Use Active Voice and Strong Voice:

Active voice make your Abstract clearer and direct.
For example: “We found” instead of “ Its was found”.

7. Revise and Edit:

Abstract require careful editing. Read it multiple times ,and consider getting feedback from
peer or colleagues to ensure clarity and coherence.

8. Check For Error:

Spelling and grammar mistakes can direct from your message, so ensure your abstract is
error-free
Writing
tips
B e s tP r a c t i c e s of Abstract Writing :
9. Avoid Jargon:
Use simple language and avoid technical terms. If you must use them, explain what they mean

10. Follow the guideline

If you are submitting an abstract to a conference or journal, check their specific guidelines for
word count ,format, and structure.

11. Know your Audience:

Tailor your abstract to the interest and knowledge level of your audience.

12. End with strong Conclusion:

Close with a sentence that emphasizes the impact or significance of your work
Thy