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 Machine Learning
• What is Machine Learning
1. Machine Learning is the science (and art) of programming computers
so they can learn from data.
2. Machine Learning is a step into the direction of artificial intelligence
(AI).
3. Machine Learning is a program that analyses data and learns to
predict the outcome.
4. Machine learning is a growing technology which enables computers
to learn automatically from past data.
5. Machine learning uses various algorithms for building mathematical
models and making predictions using historical data or information.
Currently, it is being used for various tasks such as image recognition,
speech recognition, email filtering etc..
 How does Machine Learning work

• A Machine Learning system learns from historical data, builds

the prediction models, and whenever it receives new data,
predicts the output for it.
• The accuracy of predicted output depends upon the amount
of data, as the huge amount of data helps to build a better
model which predicts the output more accurately.
 Features of Machine Learning
• Machine learning uses data to detect various
patterns in a given dataset.
• It can learn from past data and improve
automatically.
• Machine learning is much similar to data
mining as it also deals with the huge amount
of the data.
 Need for Machine Learning
• The importance of machine learning can be easily understood
by its uses cases, Currently, machine learning is used in self-
driving cars, cyber fraud detection, face recognition, and
friend suggestion by Face book, etc.
• Various top companies such as Netflix and Amazon have build
machine learning models that are using a vast amount of data
to analyze the user interest and recommend product
accordingly.
 Following are some key points which show the importance of
Machine Learning:

• Rapid increment in the production of data

• Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a
human
• Decision making in various sector including finance
• Finding hidden patterns and extracting useful
information from data
 What is Train/Test
Train/Test is a method to measure the accuracy of your
model.
It is called Train/Test because you split the the data set
into two sets: a training set and a testing set.
• 80% for training, and 20% for testing.
• You train the model using the training set.
• You test the model using the testing set.
• Train the model means create the model.
• Test the model means test the accuracy of the model.
 Classification of Machine Learning
At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three
types:
• Supervised learning
• Unsupervised learning
• Reinforcement learning
 Supervised Learning
• Supervised learning is a type of machine learning method in
which we provide sample labeled data to the machine learning
system in order to train it, and on that basis, it predicts the
output.
• The system creates a model using labeled data to understand
the datasets and learn about each data, once the training and
processing are done then we test the model by providing a
sample data to check whether it is predicting the exact output
or not.
• The goal of supervised learning is to map input data with the
output data. The supervised learning is based on supervision,
and it is the same as when a student learns things in the
supervision of the teacher. The example of supervised
learning is spam filtering.
Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of
algorithms:

• Classification
• Regression
 Regression Analysis
• Regression analysis is a statistical method to model
the relationship between a dependent (target) and
independent (predictor) variables with one or more
independent variables.
• More specifically, Regression analysis helps us to understand
how the value of the dependent variable is changing
corresponding to an independent variable when other
independent variables are held fixed. It predicts
continuous/real values such as temperature, age, salary,
price, etc.
 Example: Suppose there is a marketing company A, who does
various advertisement every year and get sales on that. The
below list shows the advertisement made by the company in the
last 5 years and the corresponding sales:
Now, the company wants to do the advertisement of $200 in the
year 2019 and wants to know the prediction about the sales for
this year. So to solve such type of prediction problems in
machine learning, we need regression analysis.
 Linear Regression

• Linear regression is one of the easiest and most popular

Machine Learning algorithms. It is a statistical method that is
used for predictive analysis. Linear regression makes
predictions for continuous/real or numeric variables such as
sales, salary, age, product price, etc.
• Linear regression algorithm shows a linear relationship
between a dependent (y) and one or more independent (y)
variables, hence called as linear regression. Since linear
regression shows the linear relationship, which means it finds
how the value of the dependent variable is changing according
to the value of the independent variable
Mathematically, we can represent a linear
regression as:
y= a0+a1x+ ε
 Types of linear regression
Linear regression can be further divided into two types of the
algorithm:
• Simple Linear Regression:

If a single independent variable is used to predict the value of a

numerical dependent variable, then such a Linear Regression algorithm
is called Simple Linear Regression.

• Multiple Linear regression:

If more than one independent variable is used to predict the value of a

numerical dependent variable, then such a Linear Regression algorithm
is called Multiple Linear Regression.
 Polynomial Regression

• Polynomial Regression is a regression algorithm that models the

relationship between a dependent(y) and independent variable(x) as nth
degree polynomial. The Polynomial Regression equation is given below:

y= b0+b1x1+ b2x12+ b2x13+...... Bnx1n

• It is also called the special case of Multiple Linear Regression in ML.

Because we add some polynomial terms to the Multiple Linear
regression equation to convert it into Polynomial Regression.
• It is a linear model with some modification in order to increase the
accuracy.
• The dataset used in Polynomial regression for training is of non-linear
nature.
• It makes use of a linear regression model to fit the complicated and non-
linear functions and datasets.
Classification Algorithm
• As we know, the Supervised Machine Learning algorithm can
be broadly classified into Regression and Classification
Algorithms.
• In Regression algorithms, we have predicted the output for
continuous values, but to predict the categorical values, we
need Classification algorithms.
What is classification
• In Classification, a program learns from the given dataset or
observations and then classifies new observation into a
number of classes or groups.
• Such as, Yes or No, 0 or 1, Spam or Not Spam, cat or dog, etc.
Classes can be called as targets/labels or categories.
The algorithm which implements the classification on
a dataset is known as a classifier. There are two types
of Classifications:
• Binary Classifier: If the classification problem has
only two possible outcomes, then it is called as
Binary Classifier.
Examples: YES or NO, MALE or FEMALE, SPAM
or NOT SPAM, CAT or DOG, etc.
• Multi-class Classifier: If a classification problem has
more than two outcomes, then it is called as Multi-
class Classifier.
Example: Classifications of types of crops,
Classification of types of music.
 Types of ML Classification Algorithms:
• Linear Models
– Logistic Regression
– Support Vector Machines
• Non-linear Models
– K-Nearest Neighbours
– Naïve Bayes
– Decision Tree Classification
– Random Forest Classification
Logistic Regression
• Logistic regression predicts the output of a categorical
dependent variable. Therefore the outcome must be a
categorical or discrete value.
• It can be either Yes or No, 0 or 1, true or False, etc. but
instead of giving the exact value as 0 and 1, it gives the
probabilistic values which lie between 0 and 1
• Logistic Regression is much similar to the Linear Regression
except that how they are used. Linear Regression is used for
solving Regression problems, whereas Logistic regression is
used for solving the classification problems.
 Support Vector Machine Algorithm
• The goal of the SVM algorithm is to create the best line or
decision boundary that can segregate n-dimensional space into
classes so that we can easily put the new data point in the
correct category in the future. This best decision boundary is
called a hyperplane.

• SVM algorithm can be used for Face detection, image

classification, text categorization, etc.
 K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN) Algorithm
• K-Nearest Neighbour is one of the simplest Machine Learning
algorithms based on Supervised Learning technique.
• K-NN algorithm stores all the available data and classifies a new data
point based on the similarity. This means when new data appears then
it can be easily classified into a well suite category by using K- NN
algorithm.
• K-NN algorithm can be used for Regression as well as for Classification
but mostly it is used for the Classification problems.

• Example: Suppose, we have an image of a creature that looks similar

to cat and dog, but we want to know either it is a cat or dog. So for this
identification, we can use the KNN algorithm, as it works on a
similarity measure. Our KNN model will find the similar features of the
new data set to the cats and dogs images and based on the most
similar features it will put it in either cat or dog category.
Decision Tree
• Decision Tree is a Supervised learning technique that can be
used for both classification and Regression problems, but
mostly it is preferred for solving Classification problems. It is a
tree-structured classifier, where internal nodes represent the
features of a dataset, branches represent the decision rules
and each leaf node represents the outcome.
 Unsupervised Learning
• Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a
machine learns without any supervision.
• The training is provided to the machine with the set of data
that has not been labeled, classified, or categorized, and
the algorithm needs to act on that data without any
supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to
restructure the input data into new features or a group of
objects with similar patterns.
• In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined
result. The machine tries to find useful insights from the
huge amount of data.
It can be further classifieds into two categories
of algorithms:
• Clustering
• Association
 K-Means Clustering Algorithm
• K-Means Clustering is an Unsupervised Learning
algorithm, which groups the unlabeled dataset into
different clusters. Here K defines the number of pre-
defined clusters that need to be created in the
process, as if K=2, there will be two clusters, and for
K=3, there will be three clusters, and so on.
• It allows us to cluster the data into different groups
and a convenient way to discover the categories of
groups in the unlabeled dataset on its own without
the need for any training.
 Reinforcement Learning

• Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning

method, in which a learning agent gets a reward for each
right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action.
• The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks and
improves its performance. In reinforcement learning, the
agent interacts with the environment and explores it.
The goal of an agent is to get the most reward points,
and hence, it improves its performance.
• The robotic dog, which automatically learns the
movement of his arms, is an example of Reinforcement
learning
Applications of Machine learning