Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 14 views

    Hormones

    Uploaded by

    Hymi Mughal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Hormones

    Uploaded by

    Hymi Mughal
    14 views23 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    14 views23 pages

    Hormones

    Uploaded by

    Hymi Mughal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Hormones

    • Mammals have several classes of hormones, distinguishable by

    their chemical structures and their modes of action.

    • Peptide, amine, and eicosanoid hormones act from outside the

    target cell via surface receptors.


    • Steroid, vitamin D, retinoid, and thyroid hormones enter the

    cell and act through nuclear receptors.

    • Nitric oxide also enters the cell, but activates a cytosolic

    enzyme, guanylyl cyclase.


    Peptide Hormones
    • Peptide hormones may have from 3 to 200 or more amino acid
    residues. They include the pancreatic hormones insulin,
    glucagon, and somatostatin, the parathyroid hormone,
    calcitonin, and all the hormones of the hypothalamus and
    pituitary.
    • These hormones are synthesized on ribosomes in the form of

    longer precursor proteins (prohormones), then packaged into

    secretory vesicles and proteolytically cleaved to form the

    active peptides.
    • Insulin is a small protein with two polypeptide chains, A and B,

    joined by two disulfide bonds.

    • It is synthesized in the pancreas as an inactive single-chain

    precursor, preproinsulin with an amino-terminal “signal

    sequence” that directs its passage into secretory vesicles.


    • Proteolytic removal of the signal sequence and formation

    of three disulfide bonds produces proinsulin, which is

    stored in secretory granules in pancreatic cells.


    Eicosanoids

    • The eicosanoid hormones (prostaglandins, thromboxanes,

    and leukotrienes) are derived from the 20-carbon

    polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonate.


    • They are not synthesized in advance and stored; they are

    produced, when needed, from arachidonate enzymatically

    released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase

    A2.
    • The enzymes of the pathway leading to prostaglandins and

    thromboxanes are very widely distributed in mammalian

    tissues; most cells can produce these signals, and cells of many

    tissues can respond to them through specific plasma

    membrane receptors.
    • The eicosanoid hormones are paracrine hormones,

    secreted into the interstitial fluid and acting on nearby

    cells.
    Steroid Hormones

    • The steroid hormones (adrenocortical hormones and sex

    hormones) are synthesized from cholesterol in several endocrine

    tissues.

    • They travel to their target cells through the bloodstream, bound to

    carrier proteins.
    • More than fifty (50) corticosteroid hormones are produced in

    the adrenal cortex by reactions that remove the side chain

    from the D ring of cholesterol and introduce oxygen to form

    keto and hydroxyl groups.


    Vitamin D Hormone

    • Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is produced from

    vitamin D by enzyme catalyzed hydroxylation in the liver

    and kidneys.
    • Vitamin D is obtained in the diet or by photolysis of 7-

    dehydrocholesterol in skin exposed to sunlight.


    • Calcitriol works in concert with parathyroid hormone in

    Ca2 homeostasis, regulating [Ca2] in the blood and the

    balance between Ca2 deposition and Ca2 mobilization

    from bone.
    Thyroid Hormones

    • The thyroid hormones T4 (thyroxine) and T3

    (triiodothyronine) are synthesized from the precursor

    protein thyroglobulin (Mr 660,000).


    • Up to 20 Tyr residues in thyroglobulin are enzymatically

    iodinated in the thyroid gland, then two iodotyrosine

    residues condense to form the precursor to thyroxine.


    • When needed, thyroxine is released by proteolysis.

    • Condensation of monoiodotyrosine with diiodotyrosine

    produces T3, which is also an active hormone released by

    proteolysis.

    You might also like