Intermediate C Programming (2nd)

Yung-Hsiang Lu, Purdue University

Geroge K. Thiruvathukal, Loyola University Chicago

CRC Press 1
ISBN 9781032189819
Chapter 01 Program Execution

2
Structure of C Programs

3
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
4
/* Comments
* first.c between /* and */
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
5
//
Comments can
// first.c
also start with //
//
// Created by [email protected]
//
//
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
6
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
include header files
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
7
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
8
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
*/
"main" is the starting
#include <stdio.h>
point of a C program
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
9
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
"main" returns an
*/
integer, EXIT_SUCCESS
#include <stdio.h>
or EXIT_FAILURE
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
10
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
"main" takes two
*/
arguments, an integer
#include <stdio.h>
and an char * *
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
11
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by yunglu
*
Their names are always
*/
"argc" and "argv".
#include <stdio.h>
Do not change the names.
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
12
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
argc: number of arguments
*/
c = count
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
13
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
argv: values of arguments
*/
v = value
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
14
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
A function's body starts
*/
with { and ends with }
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
15
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
print a message in a given
*/
format
#include <stdio.h>
f = formatting
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
16
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
\n means a new line
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
17
/*
* first.c
*
* Created by [email protected]
*
This simple program
*/
always succeeds.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
printf("Hello C\n");
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
18
C Programs has three formats
Compilation + Linking

Text Format This book uses gcc Executable Format

Human Readable Machine Readable
Compilation Linking
Object Format
gcc -c Machine Readable gcc
These formats allow the same programs (text format) to run
on different types of machines.
19
./ ensures that you are running
the program in this directory
-o (lower case) specifies the
name of the executable
 -o (lower case) specifies the
name of the executable

Caution:
• Do not call your executable “test”.
Test is a Linux command.
• Do not put your text file after -o.

Doing so erases your text

file.
 change from –std=c99
gcc compiler to -std=c11

• Convert text file (human readable) to executable file (machine)

• Detect likely mistakes if you ask gcc to do that
• gcc -std=c99 -g -Wall -Wshadow -pedantic -Wvla –Werror
• -std=c99: using the C standard announced in 1999
• -g : enabling debugging
• -Wall : enable warning messages
• -Wshadow : detecting shadow variables
• -pedantic : restricting standard C
• -Wvla : detecting variable length array
• -Werror : treating warnings as errors
25
create an alias for gcc

26
Warning: unused variable
Compiler warnings are your “first-
line of defense” detecting erroneous
code.

Unused variables are likely caused

by mistyping.

27
Shadow Variables

without gcc
warning

with gcc warning

28
conditional compilation

Notice the difference

ifdef and
ifndef (with n)

29
Quick Start of Linux

30
Topics
• Why Linux?
• Where to get Linux?
• Terminal and command line
• Frequently used commands
• Pipe
Why Linux?
• Linux is "UNIX-like"
• iOS, Anroid are also "UNIX-like"
• Top 500 (fastest 500 computers in the world)
• Linux is widely used in embedded systems
• (real-time improvements) Used in autonomous vehicles
• "At least" 67% web servers run Linux (wired.com, 2016/08/25)
• Many computer courses use Linux (because grading is easier)
Get Linux
• Download Linux and install on your computer
• Brand new computer
• Dual boot if it already has an operating system
• Virtual machine (such as Virtualbox), Linux coexists with another
operating system (such as Windows)
• Cloud (Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud ...)
Why terminal? Isn’t GUI better?
• GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) are good for humans, not computers
• Terminals allow you to automate many things that are difficult if you use GUI
• Terminals allow you to scale up to manage hundreds or thousands of machines
• In data centers, everything is based on terminals, no GUI
• Knowing how to use terminals give you additional skills (needed for many
positions)
This is a "command prompt". You enter commands after the prompt.

"bash" is the default working environment (called "shell")

4.1 means the version

36
Frequently Used Commands

37
ls (list)
ls: list the files and directories (also called "folders")
ls -l: list with long (more information); beginning 'd': directory
ls (list)
ls: list the files and directories (also called "folders")
ls -l: list with long (more information); beginning 'd': directory
mkdir: make new directory (i.e., folder)
cd: change (i.e. enter) directory
vim: text editor
cp src dest: copy file src to dest
diff file1 file2: compare

prog2.c is identical to prog.c

diff shows nothing
echo "message" >> file: add a line
cat -n file: show file with line number

Append at the end of the file

diff shows the difference, with line numbers
grep word file: print the lines with this word in the file
rm: remove a file (irreversible)

prog2.c has been deleted

mv (move): rename a file
redirect output using >>
pipe (|): take output from one program as input of
another program
Topics
• head and tail
• pipe (revisited)
• sort
• sed
• awk
• Linux user manual
Popular First and Last Names
head: print the first 10 lines
tail: print the last 10 lines
head -n: first n lines
tail -n: last n lines
sort -n: sort as numbers
sort -k c: sort by the c's column
sed: substitute a letter
sed: substitute a word
awk: keep a column
Understand argc and argv

64
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
int ind;
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

65
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
an integer as indexes
int ind;
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

66
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ %d means the value of an integer
int ind; This line prints argc's value
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

67
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ argc is the number of arguments
int ind; it is at least one
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

68
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ the first argument is the
int ind; program's name
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

69
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
int ind; ind is 0, 1, 2, ... argc - 1
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

70
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ print the index
int ind; and the value of the argument
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

71
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ print an integer
int ind;
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

72
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ print a string
int ind;
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

73
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ ind is 0, 1, 2, ..., argc - 1
int ind; not 1, 2, ..., argc
printf("argc = %d\n", argc);
for (ind = 0; ind < argc; ind ++)
{
printf("argv[%d] = %s\n", ind, argv[ind]);
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

74
a.out is gcc’s default output name

75
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

76
How to Use argc and argv

77
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
if (argc < 2)
{
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS; 78
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ check the value
if (argc < 2) argv must be 2 or greater; othersie
{ argv[1] does not exist
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
use argv[1]
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
79
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
if (argc < 2) an error message
{
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS; 80
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
if (argc < 2) the program stops with an error
{
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS; 81
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ convert argv[1] to an integer
if (argc < 2) store the integer in val
{
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS; 82
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ add 10 to val
if (argc < 2)
{
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS; 83
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ print the string argv[1]
if (argc < 2) and the integer val
{
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
84
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ the program successfully
if (argc < 2) prints the value
{
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS; 85
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int
main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
if (argc < 2)
{
printf("Need a number\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
val += 10;
printf("argv[1] = %s\n", argv[1]);
printf("val = %d\n", val);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
86
}
87
More Examples of
argc and argv

88
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
if (argc < 4)
{
printf("Need three arguments\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val1 = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
int val2 = strtol(argv[2], NULL, 10);
if (strcmp(argv[3], "+") == 0)
{
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", val1, val2, val1 + val2);
}
89
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
if (argc < 4) convert string to integer
{
printf("Need three arguments\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val1 = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
int val2 = strtol(argv[2], NULL, 10);
if (strcmp(argv[3], "+") == 0)
{
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", val1, val2, val1 + val2);
}
90
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{ compare two strings
if (argc < 4)
{
printf("Need three arguments\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val1 = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
int val2 = strtol(argv[2], NULL, 10);
if (strcmp(argv[3], "+") == 0)
{
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", val1, val2, val1 + val2);
}
91
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc, char * * argv)
{
if (argc < 4)
{
printf("Need three arguments\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
int val1 = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 10);
int val2 = strtol(argv[2], NULL, 10); print the sum
if (strcmp(argv[3], "+") == 0)
{
printf("%d + %d = %d\n", val1, val2, val1 + val2);
}
92
 else otherwise, check whether it is "-"
{
if (strcmp(argv[3], "-") == 0)
{
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", val1, val2, val1 - val2);
}
else
{
printf("Neither + nor -\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
93
 else
{
if (strcmp(argv[3], "-") == 0)
{ If it is, print the difference
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", val1, val2, val1 - val2);
}
else
{
printf("Neither + nor -\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
94
 else If argv[3] is neither "+" nor "-"
{ print a message and return EXIT_FAILURE
if (strcmp(argv[3], "-") == 0)
{
printf("%d - %d = %d\n", val1, val2, val1 - val2);
}
else
{
printf("Neither + nor -\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
95
96