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Chapter 2 OS Services and Interfaces

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25 views12 pages

Chapter 2 OS Services and Interfaces

Uploaded by

Carl Irven Nykuluz Millanes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2: Operating-System Structures

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne


Chapter 2: Operating-System Structures

• Operating System Services


• User Operating System Interface
• System Calls
• Types of System Calls
• System Programs
• Operating System Design and Implementation
• Operating System Structure
• Operating System Debugging
• Operating System Generation
• System Boot
Objectives
• To describe the services an operating system
provides to users, processes, and other systems
• To discuss the various ways of structuring an
operating system
• To explain how operating systems are installed
and customized and how they boot
Operating System Services
• Operating systems provide an environment for execution of
programs and services to programs and users
• One set of operating-system services provides functions that are
helpful to the user:
– User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user
interface (UI).
• Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User
Interface (GUI), Batch
– Program execution - The system must be able to load a program
into memory and to run that program, end execution, either
normally or abnormally (indicating error)
– I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may
involve a file or an I/O device
Operating System Services (Cont.)
• One set of operating-system services provides (cont. of
previous slide):
– File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular
interest. Programs need to read and write files and directories,
create and delete them, search them, list file Information,
permission management.
– Communications – Processes may exchange information, on the
same computer or between computers over a network
• Communications may be via shared memory or through message
passing (packets moved by the OS)
– Error detection – OS needs to be constantly aware of possible
errors
• May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in user
program
• For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to ensure
correct and consistent computing
• Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user’s and programmer’s
abilities to efficiently use the system
Operating System Services (Cont.)
• Another set of OS functions exists for ensuring the efficient operation of the system itself
via resource sharing
– Resource allocation - When multiple users or multiple jobs running concurrently,
resources must be allocated to each of them
• Many types of resources - CPU cycles, main memory, file storage, I/O devices.
– Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of computer
resources
– Protection and security - The owners of information stored in a multiuser or
networked computer system may want to control use of that information, concurrent
processes should not interfere with each other
• Protection involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled
• Security of the system from outsiders requires user authentication, extends to
defending external I/O devices from invalid access attempts
A View of Operating System Services
User Operating System Interface - CLI

CLI or command interpreter allows direct


command entry
– Sometimes implemented in kernel, sometimes by
systems program
– Sometimes multiple flavors implemented – shells
– Primarily fetches a command from user and
executes it
– Sometimes commands built-in, sometimes just
names of programs
• If the latter, adding new features doesn’t require shell
modification
Bourne Shell Command Interpreter
User Operating System Interface - GUI

• User-friendly desktop metaphor interface


– Usually mouse, keyboard, and monitor
– Icons represent files, programs, actions, etc
– Various mouse buttons over objects in the interface cause
various actions (provide information, options, execute
function, open directory (known as a folder)
– Invented at Xerox PARC
• Many systems now include both CLI and GUI interfaces
– Microsoft Windows is GUI with CLI “command” shell
– Apple Mac OS X is “Aqua” GUI interface with UNIX kernel
underneath and shells available
– Unix and Linux have CLI with optional GUI interfaces (CDE,
KDE, GNOME)
Touchscreen Interfaces

Touchscreen
devices require
new interfaces
• Mouse not possible or not desired
• Actions and selection based on
gestures
• Virtual keyboard for text entry
 Voice commands.
The Mac OS X GUI

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