GENG 300 NUMERICAL METHODS

Dr. Mohammad Aman Ullah

BOOKS

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Course Textbook:
o Applied Numerical Methods with MATLAB for

Numerical Methods
Engineers and scientists, Chapra S.C., 3rd edition,
McGraw- Hill, 2012

Reference(s):
o Chapra S.C. and R.P. Canale (2006) Numerical
Methods for Engineers, 5th edition, McGraw- Hill.

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CONTENTS

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1. Modeling, Computers, and Error analysis

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2. Roots of equations
3. Linear algebraic equations
4. Curve fitting and interpolation
5. Numerical differentiation & integration
6. Ordinary differential equations

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GRADES

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HWs and Quizzes: 10%

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Midterm: 20 %
Laboratory: 20 %
Term Project: 15 %
Final Exam: 35 %

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

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To introduce students to the mostly used numerical
methods in the different engineering fields. The course is

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not theorem-oriented one. The emphasis will be on
understanding the concepts of the numerical methods and
on applying these concepts for solving various problems.
MATLAB and Microsoft Excel will be used as tools to
solve the problems using the different numerical methods.

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 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)

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1. Distinguish and apply the different numerical methods to solve the
algebraic equations and to solve system of linear and nonlinear
equations.

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2. Select and apply the different numerical methods for interpolation,
differentiation, integration and solving set of ordinary differential
equations.
3. Demonstrate how numerical methods afford a mean to generate
solutions in a manner that can be implemented on digital computers.
4. Apply the built in functions in MATLAB and EXCEL to solve
numerical engineering problems
5. Work on group projects and apply a range of numerical methods to
evaluate solutions to engineering problems 6
COURSE GROUND RULES
1. Use of programmable calculator: not allowed

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2. Class Attendance:
a) taken at 10 minutes; after 10 minutes can attend but
recorded absent

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b) no makeup except with a valid (medical) reason
3. Plagiarism:
a) will be reported to HoD for formal actions
b) borrowing and sharing of resources are not allowed
4. Cell Phones:
a) during lectures "Silent" or "OFF“, during exams "OFF".
b) not allowed to use as a calculator
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 Lecture 1: Chapter 1 & 4

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Modeling, Computers and Error Analysis

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INTRODUCTION

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TOPICS COVERED FROM CHAPTER 1 & 4
1. Why numerical methods?

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2. Mathematical Modelling concept
3. Error Analysis:

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a. Significant figures
b. Accuracy and precision
c. Error definitions
i. For known true value
ii. For approximations
d. Major errors
i. Round off
ii. Truncation
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1. WHY NUMERICAL METHODS?

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1. WHY NUMERICAL METHODS?

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2. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING CONCEPT
Why do we do modelling?

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To understand physical phenomena and describe it

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mathematically
To use the mathematically formulated model as a tool to
predict the behaviour of a system for the new conditions
In order for a model to be used as a simulation tool the model
should represent the reality as close as possible. Therefore,
validation of a model with experimental observation is an
absolute necessity to gain confidence in a model before using it
in a simulation processes.

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MATHEMATICAL MODEL…
 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

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Complex example:

Model for falling parachute:

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 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

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Independent
variable

Dependent Forcing Parameters

variable function 15
 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

Conservation Laws and Engineering:

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Conservation laws are fundamental laws that

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are used in engineering.

If no accumulation (i.e. no change over time), in and out

must be balanced.

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 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

For steady-state fluid flow in pipe:

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Flow in = Flow out

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 MATHEMATICAL MODEL…

For steady-state condition in falling parachute:

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Thus,

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3. ERROR ANALYSIS
Why errors are concerned ?

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Numerical methods yield approximate results, results that are
close to the exact solution.
The question is “How much error is present in our calculation

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and is it tolerable?”
Motivating example:
How long does it take to reach a 11 carat uncut diamond located 20
meter away, if you travel by a car that runs at 10m/s on the 1 st second,
5 m/s on the 2nd second, 2.5 m/s on the 3rd second and so on i.e. speed
decreases by half on the next seconds?

Answer by a mathematician:
Answer by an Engineer:
Answer by a lawyer: 19
3A. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

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3A. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SF)

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3A. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SF)

Significant figures also are indication of the precision with

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which the quantity is known.

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The more significant figures, the more precise is the value.

Generally, if you report the value of a measured quantity with

3 SF, you indicate that the value of the third of these figures
may be off by as much as a half-unit.
Example: 8.3 g, means the mass lies between 8.25 and 8.35 g.

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3A. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SF)

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3B. ACCURACY AND PRECISION

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Accuracy: How close is a computed or measured value to
the true value

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Precision (or reproducibility): How close is a computed
or measured value to previously computed or measured
values.
Inaccuracy (or bias): A systematic deviation from the
actual value.
Imprecision (or uncertainty): Magnitude of scatter

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3B. ACCURACY AND PRECISION

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3C. ERROR DEFINITIONS
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3C. ERROR…TOLERANCE
3DI. MAJOR ERRORS- ROUND-OFF
ERROR

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3DI. MAJOR ERRORS- ROUND-OFF
ERROR

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3DII. MAJOR ERRORS- TRUNCATION
ERROR
Truncation errors are those that result from using an
approximation in place of an exact mathematical procedure.

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Non-elementary functions such as trigonometric, exponential,
and others are expressed in an approximate fashion using

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Taylor series when their values, derivatives, and integrals are
computed
Any smooth function can be approximated as a polynomial.
Taylor series provides a means to predict the value of a
function at one point in terms of the function value and its
derivatives at another point.
Taylor Series (TS) is built term by term, started with zero-
order approximation. The higher the order of approximation
applied, the lower the truncation error. 30
3DII. TRUNCATION ERROR- TAYLOR
SERIES

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3DII. TAYLOR SERIES…

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For exact solution infinite number of terms are required
In most cases, only a few terms will result in an approximation that
is close enough to the true value for practical purposes 32
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3DII. TAYLOR SERIES…
3DII. TAYLOR SERIES…
Derivatives used in Taylor series can be approximated using numerical
differentiation with:

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TRY FOR YOURSELF …

Given

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f ( x)  0.1x 4  0.15 x 3  0.5 x 2  0.25 x  1.2

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at x =0.25, the derivative can be calculated directly as:
f ' ( x)  0.4 x 3  0.45 x 2  1.0 x  0.25

f ' ( x  0.25)  -0.5344

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SUMMARY
1. Why numerical methods?

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2. Mathematical Modelling concept
3. Error Analysis:

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a. Significant figures
b. Accuracy and precision
c. Error definitions
i. For known true value
ii. For approximations
d. Major errors
i. Round off
ii. Truncation
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