Name:- Anirudh Singh

Class:- Xth ‘B’

Roll no.:- 10203
Sub.:- History
Submitted to:- Mrs.
Meenakshi Mam
T HE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN
EUROPE
 W H AT I S
N AT I O N A L I S M

 Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that ca uses people

think of
themselves as a Nation.

 During 19th & 20th centuries Nationalism was a powerful force that could
create:

 One Nation from many separate countries

(Ex. Italy & Germany)
 Break one nation up into many countries
(Ex. Austria- Hungary and Turkey )
 EUROPEAN
SOCIETY
🠶 THE UPPER C LASS :

🠶 • The landed aristoc.rac y were the dominant group.

🠶 • They had common interest and lifestyle. Owned large country estates
and town houses.
🠶 • Most of them spoke frenc h

🠶 LOWER C LASS :
🠶 • Majority of the people were peasants.
🠶 • Most were landless and worked as serfs.
 FRENCH REVOLUTION & THE IDEA OF
THE NATION
🠶 Frenc h revolution started in 1789.

🠶 France was a full-fledged territorial state in 1789 under rule of a monarch.

🠶 Political and constitutional changes that came in wake of the French revolution led to

the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to a body of French citizens.

🠶 Various practices adopted to develop a sense of collective identity among people.

🠶 Declaration of mission to liberate Europe from despotism.

🠶 Setting up of Jacobin clubs by educated middle classes and students of Europe

🠶 It also powered revolution in all Europe.

 THE IDEA OF
NATIONALISM
🠶 Idea of La Patrie (the fatherland) Le Citoyen (the citizen)were emphasized.

🠶 Adoption of new constitution with citizens enjoying equal rights.

🠶 Adopted tri color as new French flag replacing royal standards.

🠶 New hymns were composed oaths were taken & martyrs remembered in the name
of

nation.

🠶 Uniform system of weights & measures were adopted.

🠶 C entralized administrative system was formulized.

🠶 French become the national language and regional dialects were discouraged.

🠶 Imaginary female allegories were used to show united nation. Such as : Marianna
 NEPOLEONIC CODE / CIVIL CODE OF 1804

🠶 Privileges based on birth abolished and equality before law was established.

🠶 Right to property was established and feudal system was abolished.

🠶 Administrative divisions were simplified.

🠶 Peasants got freedom from serfdom and manorial dues.

🠶 Uniform laws and standardization of weight and measures were introduced.

🠶 Common national c urrenc y was adopted.

🠶 Guild restriction in towns was removed and transport and communication system
improved.
 THE MAKING OF NAT IONALISM IN
EUROPE
🠶 Till mid 18th century there was no concept of “Nation State” in Europe.

🠶 Society and politic s was dominated aristocrac y.

🠶 To the west, the land was farmed by tenants and small owners, while in Eastern
and Central Europe by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.

🠶 Emergence of working and middle classes due to industrialization in 19th cent.

🠶 Educated , liberal middle classes popularized abolition of Aristocratic Privileges.

 LIBERAL
NATIONALISM

IN POLITIC AL IN ECONOMIC
SPHERE
• Government by consent SPHERE
• Freedom for market.
• End of Autocra cy
• Removal of state imposed restrictions
• Adoption of constitution
on movement of goods and capital.
• Abolition of property rights.
• In 1834, a c ustoms union Zollverein
• Equality before law
was formed .
• Representative Government
• The union abolished tariff barriers
through Parliament
and reduc ed the number of
c urrenc ies from over thirty to two.
 NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER
1815
🠶 After defeat of Napoleon European governments were driven by a spirit of
conservatism.
🠶 Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria drew the “Treaty of Vienna” in 1815.
🠶 Main Motive was to undo the c hanges initiated by Napoleon and to restore
Monarc hy.
1.Restoration of
Bourbon
Dynasty. 6. No c hange in German
c onfederation of 39
2.Territories ac quired states.
by
7. Russia to get Polaand
Napoleon taken bac k PROVISIONS
OF Treaty
3.Prevented
of Vienna 5. Prussia as
Frenc h Expansion given ne
in Future territories on its
western border
4. Austria to including
c ontrol
 THE
REVOLUTIONARIE
S
🠶 Establishment of Secret Societies to spread the Ideas of nationalism and
oppose c onservatism.

🠶 Mazzini viewed “ Nation States” to be necessary and opposed Monarchy.

🠶 Inspired other secret societies in Germany, France, Switzerland and

Poland.
Giuseppe Mazzini joined one such society at Carbonan.

🠶 Later, he established two more Secret societies “Young Italy” in

Marseilles, and then, “Young Europe” in Berne.

🠶 Conservative frightened by his move.

 DIVISION OF AGE OF
REVOLUTION
Age of Revolution-1830-1848
( can be divided under three
stages)

The Romantic Hunger,

Imagination Hardship and 1848: The
and National Popular Revolt Revolution of the
Feeling Liberals
 THE ROMANTIC IMAGINATION AND
NATIONAL FEELING
🠶 Use of culture to create idea of a Nation.

🠶 Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and
science.

🠶 Focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

🠶 Used Art Poetry Stories & Music to shape nationalists feelings.

🠶 Collected Folklores to spread Nationalism even among illiterates.

🠶 Language also played a vital role for e.g. The use of Polish language in Poland

c ame to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

 HUNGER, HARDSHIP AND
REVOLT
🠶 The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

🠶 The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over
Europe.

🠶 Large Scale rural migration to cities led to overcrowded cities and reduced Jobs

🠶 Stiff competition between hand made goods and cheap machine made goods

🠶 Peasants burdened with feudal dues as in rural areas aristocracy was still enjoying the power.

🠶 The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and

country.

🠶 Peasants and weavers revolted and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
 THE REVOLUTION OF THE
LIBERALS- 1848
🠶 French Monarchy uprooted by revolt of 1848 & a Republic had been proclaimed.

🠶 Demand of liberal middle classes for constitutionalism with National Unification.

🠶 In Germany Professionals businessmen, Artisans decided to vote for all German National assembly.

🠶 Frankfurt Parliament organized in Church of St. Paul. constitution was drafted for a German nation to

be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament ,

🠶 Offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia. He rejected joined other monarchs to oppose

the elected assembly

 CONTINUED…
……
🠶 Social base of parliament shifted to middle class dominance.

🠶 Lost the support of workers and artisans.

🠶 Political associations were formed by women for Political

Rights.

🠶 Conservative forces suppressed liberals .

🠶 Fearing future revolutions Monarc hs introduc ed c hanges .

🠶 Serfdom and bonded labour abolished.

 THE MAKING OF
GERMANY
🠶 In may 1848 the liberal attempt to set up a constitutional monarchy at

Frankfurt was suppressed by the monarchy military and Junkers.

🠶 After the failure of the German National Assembly , Prussian Chief Minister

Otto von Bismarck took the lead in German Unification

🠶 Three Wars for 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France completed

German unification.

🠶 Prussian King Kaiser William –I become the emperor of United

Germany .

🠶 C urrency Banking and Judicial System was legalized

 UNIFICA TION OF
ITALY
🠶 Italy was divided in 7 states of which only one, Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an Italian
dynasty.

🠶 Ideas of Italian unification first given by Giuseppe Mazzini through his Secret Society
called Young Italy.

🠶 After his failed revolutions in 1831 and 1848 , the lead was taken by the King of Sardinia ,
Victor
Emmanuel -II.

🠶 Chief Minister of Sardinia, Count Cavour led the unification process by diplomatic alliance with
France to defeat Austria and unify its northern territories.

🠶 In the southern part, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the movement by involving local peasant support
to drive out the Spanish rulers.

🠶 Thus the process of unification was completed with the crowning of Victor Emmanuel-II as
king of
 OTTOVON
Giuseppe Mazzini
BISMARCK Founder of “Young
Architect of Unification of
Germany Italy”
 THE STRANGE CASE OF
BRITAIN
🠶 No British nation existed before 18th century.

🠶 Ethnic groups like English, Welsh, Scots, inhabited British Isle having their own cultural &
Political Bases.

🠶 Growth of English Nations wealth and Power, English parliament seized monarchy in 1688.

🠶 Act Of Union-1707 between England and Scotland formed United Kingdom of Great Britain.

🠶 Systematic suppression of Scottish Culture, Language by English began. Many were drive

out of their homeland.

🠶 British helped Protestants against Catholics of Ireland.

🠶 Later Catholic Revolt as suppressed.

🠶 In 1801 Ireland was also incorporated forcibly into United Kingdom.

 VISUALIZING
NATION
🠶 Nations began to be portrayed as female figures called

Allegory.

🠶 Ideas like Liberty ,Justice, and Republic too were personified

as female figures.

🠶 Allegories were erected at squares to mark national Unity.

🠶 Coins and Stamps too c arried their images.

🠶 Marianne represented Republic of France and Germania

portrayed German Nation

 NATIONALISM AND I MPERIALISM :
BALKAN
I S S UE
🠶 Balkans become the source of Nationalist
Tension in Europe after 1871

🠶 it was too a region of geographic al &

ethnic
variations

🠶 Inhabited by slaves & was under control of

Ottoman Empire

🠶 Ideas of nationalism swept over entire

Balkan region

🠶 One by one different Nationalities declared

 CONTINUE

• 🠶 IT BECAME AN AREA OF CONFLICT AMONG ITS NATIONALITIES AND

LATER BECAME ONE OF THE CAUSES

• OF FIRST WORLD WAR .

• 🠶 EACH STATE DEVELOP JEALOUSLY & HOPE TO EXPAND AT THE COST OF

OTHERS.

• 🠶 EUROPEAN POWER FURTHER COMPLICATED THE SITUATION .

• 🠶 THEY WERE STRUGGLING TO PROVE THEIR TRADE & MILITARY MIGHT OVER
THE OTHERS.
 A N K
T H
YO U