Algorithms- Control- Iteration

CT010-3-1 Python Programming

 Topic & Structure of the lesson

• Problem Solving Using Programmed

Solutions
– Introduction to control structure and iteration
– Program design using pseudocodes and
simple notations of flowcharts
• control structure
– if
– case
• iteration

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing Slide 2 (of 22)

 Learning outcomes

• At the end of this lecture you should be

able to:
– define a problem
– outline a solution using algorithms –
• selective control structure
• repetitive iteration

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing Slide 3 (of 22)

 Key terms you must be able to
use
• If you have mastered this topic, you should
be able to use the following terms correctly
in your assignments and exams:

– Algorithms
• Pseudocode
• Flowchart

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing Slide 4 (of 22)

 Selection Control Structure

• Represents the decision making capabilities of the

computer

• Used to illustrate a choice between two or more

actions depending on whether the condition is true
or false

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Selection Control Structure

• Condition
– based on comparison between two items
– usually expressed with one of the following relational
operators
< Less than
> Greater than
== Equal to
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to
!= or <> Not equal to

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Selection Control Structure

• A choice is made between two alternative paths,

depending on the result of a condition being true or false.
• Represented using the keywords
IF ( ) THEN

ELSE

ENDIF

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Selection Control Structure

• Simple Selection (Simple IF statement)

• Simple Selection with null false branch (null ELSE
statement)
• Combined Selection (Combined IF statement)
– AND
– OR
• Nested Selection (Nested IF statement)
– Linear Nested
– Non-linear nested

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 1. Simple Selection (simple IF statement)

• a choice is made between two alternative paths,

depending on the result of a condition being true or
false.
• is represented using the keywords
IF, THEN, ELSE and ENDIF.

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 1. Simple Selection (simple IF statement)

Pseudocode: Flowchart:

IF (condition) THEN
Action_1 (Condition)
False True
ELSE
Action_2
Action_2 Action_1
ENDIF

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 2. Simple Selection with null false branch
(null ELSE statement)

Pseudocode: Flowchart:

IF (condition) THEN
(Condition) True
Action_1
ENDIF

Action_1
False

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 3. Combined Selection
(combined IF statement)

Pseudocode: Flowchart:

IF ((condition_1) AND (condition_2)) THEN

Action_1 (Condition_1) AND
False (Condition_2)
ELSE True

Action_2
ENDIF
Action_2 Action_1

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 3. Combined Selection
(combined IF statement)
Pseudocode: Flowchart:

IF ((condition_1) OR (condition_2)) THEN

Action_1
(Condition_1) OR
ELSE False (Condition_2)
True
Action_2
ENDIF
Action_2 Action_1

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 4. Nested Selection
(nested IF statement)
Pseudocode:
IF (condition_1) THEN
Action_1
ELSE
IF (condition_2) THEN
Action_2
ELSE
IF (condition_3) THEN
Action_3
ELSE
Action_4
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF Linear Nested
CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing
 4. Nested Selection
(nested IF statement)
Linear Nested

(Condition_1) False
True

(Condition_2) False
Action_1
True

Action_2 (Condition_3)
True False

Action_3 Action_4

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 4. Nested Selection
(nested IF statement)
Pseudocode:
IF (condition_1) THEN
IF (condition_2) THEN
IF (condition_3) THEN
Action_1
ELSE
Action_2
ENDIF
ELSE
Action_3
ENDIF
ELSE
Action_4 Non-linear nested
ENDIF
CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing
 4. Nested Selection
(nested IF statement)

Non-linear nested
(Condition_1) True
False

(Condition_2) True
Action_4
False

Action_3 (Condition_3)
False True

Action_2 Action_1

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Selection Control Structure
CASE OF
Pseudocode
CASE OF variable
= Constant_1: Action_1
= Constant_2: Action_2
.
.
OTHERWISE
Action_for_others
ENDCASE

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Selection Control Structure
CASE OF

CASE OF
variable

= Constant_1 = Constant_2 = Constant_3 OTHERWISE

Action_1 Action_2 Action_3 Action_4

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Iteration Using The DOWHILE
Structure
• Most programs require same logic to be
repeated for several sets of data
• Pseudocode: (counter-controlled)
initialization
DOWHILE (condition)
statement_block
incrementation
ENDDO

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Iteration Using The DOWHILE Structure

Flowchart
(Counter-controlled) Initialization

(Condition) True

False
Action_1

Incrementation /
Decrementation

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Iteration Using The DOWHILE Structure

• Pseudocode: (sentinel-controlled)
Prompt user for value
Read value
DOWHILE (condition is true for value)
statement_block
Prompt user for value
Read value
ENDDO

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Iteration Using The DOWHILE Structure

• Flowchart: Prompt user for value

(sentinel-controlled) Read value

(Condition is
True
true for value)

False
Action_1

Prompt user for value

Read value

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Iteration Using The LOOP
Statement
• Pseudocode:
LOOP VarName FROM InitVal TO EndVal STEP increment_value
Action_1
NEXT VarName
ENDLOOP

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Iteration Using The LOOP
Statement
• Flowchart
VN

in end

VN – variable_name incre

in – initial value
end – ending value Action_1

incre - incrementation

VN

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Follow up Assignment

1. You are required to design a complete system which will

enable you to calculate the actual amount of salary which an
employee is to obtain from a company based on the income
tax table provided below.
Salary Range Income Tax(%)
0 to < 3000 0
3000 to < 5000 6
5000 to < 7000 8
7000 to < 8000 12
8000 to < 9000 16
>= 9000 40

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Summary of Main Teaching
Points
• Problem Solving Using Programmed
Solutions
– Introduction to control structure and iteration
– Program design using pseudocodes and
simple notations of flowcharts
• control structure
– if
– case
• iteration

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing

 Next Session

• Problem Solving Using Programmed

Solutions
– Introduction to control structure and iteration
– Program design using pseudocodes and
simple notations of flowcharts
• control structure
– if
– case
• iteration

CT010-3-1 Fundamentals of Software Development Module Briefing