Testing the Difference between Two Means, Proportions and Variances

Chapter Outline
• Testing the difference between Two Means & Proportions
• Testing the difference between Two Variances.
• Testing the difference between Two Means: Small independent
& dependent samples.
• Hypothesis testing with Categorical Data.

1
 Setting Up the Hypothesis:
For Difference between Two Means

H0: m1 = m2 H0: m1 - m2 = 0 Two

OR Tail
H1: m1 ¹ m2 H1: m1 - m2 ¹ 0
H0: m1 £ m2 H0: m1 - m2 £ 0 H1: One
m1 - m2 > 0 Tail
H1: m1 > m2 OR
H0: m1 - m2 ³ 0 One
H0: m1 ³ m2
H1: m1 < m2 OR H1: m1 - m2 < 0 Tail

Setting Up the Hypothesis:

For Difference between Two Proportions

H0 : p1 = p2 H1 : p1 ¹ p2 OR H0 : p1 - p2 = 0 H1 : p1 - p2 ¹ 0
H0 : p1 £ p2 H1 : p1 > p2 OR H0 : p1 - p2 £ 0 H1 : p1 - p2 > 0
H0 : p1 ³ p2 H1 : p1 < p2 OR H0 : p1 - p2 ³ 0 H1 : p1 - p2 < 0
2
Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.0000 0.0040 0.0080 0.0120 0.0160 0.0199 0.0239 0.0279 0.0319 0.0359
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 0.0478 0.0517 0.0557 0.0596 0.0636 0.0675 0.0714 0.0753
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 0.0871 0.0910 0.0948 0.0987 0.1026 0.1064 0.1103 0.1141
0.3 0.1179 0.1217 0.1255 0.1293 0.1331 0.1368 0.1406 0.1443 0.1480 0.1517
0.4 0.1554 0.1591 0.1688 0.1664 0.1700 0.1736 0.1772 0.1808 0.1844 0.1879
0.5 0.1915 0.1950 0.1985 0.2019 0.2054 0.2088 0.2123 0.2157 0.2190 0.2224
0.6 0.2257 0.2291 0.2324 0.2357 0.2389 0.2422 0.2454 0.2486 0.2517 0.2549
0.7 0.2580 0.2611 0.2642 0.2673 0.2704 0.2734 0.2764 0.2794 0.2823 0.2852
0.8 0.2881 0.2910 0.2939 0.2967 0.2995 0.3023 0.3051 0.3078 0.3106 0.3133
0.9 0.3159 0.3186 0.3212 0.3238 0.3264 0.3289 0.3315 0.3340 0.3365 0.3389
1.0 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485 0.3508 0.3531 0.3554 0.3577 0.3599 0.3621
1.1 0.3643 0.3665 0.3686 0.3708 0.3729 0.3749 0.3770 0.3790 0.3810 0.3830
1.2 0.3849 0.3869 0.3888 0.3907 0.3925 0.3944 0.3962 0.3980 0.3997 0.4015
1.3 0.4032 0.4049 0.4066 0.4082 0.4099 0.4115 0.4131 0.4147 0.4162 0.4177
1.4 0.4192 0.4207 0.4222 0.4236 0.4251 0.4265 0.4279 0.4292 0.4306 0.4319
1.5 0.4332 0.4345 0.4357 0.4370 0.4382 0.4394 0.4406 0.4418 0.4429 0.4441
1.6 0.4452 0.4463 0.4474 0.4484 0.4495 0.4505 0.4515 0.4525 0.4535 0.4545
1.7 0.4554 0.4564 0.4573 0.4582 0.4591 0.4599 0.4608 0.4616 0.4625 0.4633
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 0.4656 0.4664 0.4671 0.4678 0.4686 0.4693 0.4699 0.4706
1.9 0.4713 0.4719 0.4726 0.4732 0.4738 0.4744 0.4750 0.4756 0.4761 0.4767
2.0 0.4772 0.4778 0.4783 0.4788 0.4793 0.4798 0.4803 0.4808 0.4812 0.4817
2.1 0.4821 0.4826 0.4830 0.4834 0.4838 0.4842 0.4846 0.4850 0.4854 0.4857
2.2 0.4861 0.4864 0.4868 0.4871 0.4875 0.4878 0.4881 0.4884 0.4887 0.4890
2.3 0.4893 0.4896 0.4898 0.4901 0.4904 0.4906 0.4909 0.4911 0.4913 0.4916
2.4 0.4918 0.4920 0.4922 0.4925 0.4927 0.4929 0.4931 0.4932 0.4934 0.4936
2.5 0.4938 0.4940 0.4941 0.4943 0.4945 0.4946 0.4948 0.4949 0.4951 0.4952
2.6 0.4953 0.4955 0.4956 0.4957 0.4959 0.4960 0.4961 0.4962 0.4963 0.4964
2.7 0.4965 0.4966 0.4967 0.4968 0.4969 0.4970 0.4971 0.4972 0.4973 0.4974
2.8 0.4974 0.4975 0.4976 0.4977 0.4977 0.4978 0.4979 0.4979 0.4980 0.4981
2.9 0.4981 0.4982 0.4982 0.4983 0.4984 0.4984 0.4985 0.4985 0.4986 0.4986
3.0 0.4987 0.4987 0.4987 0.4988 0.4988 0.4989 0.4989 0.4989 0.4990 0.4990
3.1 0.4990 0.4991 0.4991 0.4991 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4992 0.4993 0.4993
3.2 0.4993 0.4993 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4994 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995
3.3 0.4995 0.4995 0.4995 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996 0.4996
3.4 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4997 0.4998 3
3.5 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998 0.4998
1. Testing Hypothesis About Difference Between Two Population Means.
(General Procedure).
(i) (a) H0: m1 - m2 = 0 and H1: m1 - m2 ¹ 0 (Two Tailed Test)
(b) H0: m1 - m2 £ 0 and H1: m1 - m2 > 0 (One Tailed Test)
(c) H0: m1 - m2 ³ 0 and H1: m1 - m2 < 0 (One Tailed Test)
(ii) Choose the level of significance a.
(iii) The Test Statistic is
( x1  x 2 )  ( 1   2 )
z= (When population standard deviations are known)
 12  22
𝑍 =¿ ¿
 (When population
standard deviations are
n1 n2 known & common)
OR ( ∴ 𝜎 1 = 𝜎 2=𝜎 )
( x1  x 2 )  ( 1   2 )
z= (When population standard deviations are unknown & n 1, n2 ³ 30)
S12 S 22 Critical values of Z

n1 n2 Level of
One Tailed
Test Two Tailed Level of
Confidence (Z Significance
Test ( Z a / 2 )
100 (1 – a ) % (a)
a )

(iv) The critical region is 99% 2.33 2.58 0.01

z
(a) H1: m1 - m2 ¹ 0, CR: | z | ³  98% 2.05 2.33 0.02
97% 1.88 2.17 0.03
(b) H1: m1 - m2 > 0, CR: z > za 96% 1.75 2.05 0.04
95% 1.65 1.96 0.05
(c) H1: m1 - m2 < 0, CR: z < –za 94% 1.55 1.88 0.06
93% 1.47 1.81 0.07
(v) The calculation of the test statistic. 92% 1.40 1.75 0.08
91% 1.34 1.69 0.09
(vi) Conclusion : 90% 1.28 1.65 0.10
Reject Ho If calculated z lies in the critical region, 85% 1.03 1.43 0.15
otherwise accept it. 80% 0.84 1.28 0.20

4
Example # 1
A survey found that the average hotel
room rate in New Orleans is $88.42 and the
average room rate in Phoenix is $80.61. Assume
that the data were obtained from two samples of
50 hotels each and that the standard deviations
of the populations are $5.62 and $4.83,
respectively. At a = 0.05, can it be concluded
that there is a significant difference in the rates?
n
tio
ol
u H0: m1 - m2 = 0
S
H1: m1 - m2 ¹ 0
(claim) a = 0.05
Test statistic is
( X 1  X 2 )  ( 1  2 ) (88.42  80.61)  0
Z   7.45
 2
2 2 2
(5.62) (4.83) 2
1
 
n1 n2 50 50
The critical region is CR: | z | ³ z  = ± 1.96

-¥ – 1.96 1.96 ¥
Conclusion : 0
Reject Ho. Calculated Z lies in the rejection region. So, there is enough evidence to support the
claim there is a significant difference in the rates. 5
Example # 2
A researcher hypothesizes that the average
number of sports colleges offer for males is greater
than the average number of sports colleges offer for
females. The results are shown below. At a = 0.10,
is there enough evidence to support the claim?
Males: X = 8.6 s = 3.3 n = 501 1 1

Females: X = 7.9 s = 3.3 n = 50

2 2 2

n
u tio
l
So H0: m1 - m2 £ 0
H1: m1 - m2 > 0
(claim) a = 0.10
Test statistic is
( x1  x 2 )  ( 1   2 )
z= = 1.06
 12  22

n1 n2
The critical region is
CR: z > z0.10 = 1.28
-¥ 0 1.28 ¥

Conclusion :
Accept Ho calculated Z lies in the acceptance region.
6
Example # 3
California and New York lead the list of average professor’s
salaries. The results of the study are shown. Random
samples of 45 professors from each state yielded the
following. California New York
Sample mean 64,510 62,900
Sample standard deviation 8,200 7,800
At a = 0.10, is there a difference in means of the salaries?
n
u tio H0: m1 - m2 = 0
S ol
H1: m1 - m2 ¹ 0
(claim) a = 0.10
Test statistic is
( X 1  X 2 )  (1  2 ) (64510  62900)  0
Z   0.9543
2 2 2 2
S1 S2 (8200) (7800)
 
n1 n2 45 45
The critical region is
CR: Z = ±1.65
-¥ 1.65 ¥
0 – 1.65
Decision & Conclusion :
Calculated value falls in the AR, so we will Accept H o and conclude that there is
no difference in means of the salaries.

7
Example # 4
The same physical fitness test was given to a
group of 100 scouts and to a group of 144 guides.
The maximum score was 30. The guides obtained a
mean score of 26.81 and the scouts obtained a
mean score 27.53. If the fitness scores are normally
distributed with a common population standard
deviation of 3.48, test at 5% level of significance
whether the guides did not do as well as the scouts
in the fitness test. Assume the populations are
normally distributed.
n
tio
So
l u H0: m1 - m2 £ 0
H1: m1 - m2 > 0
(claim) a = 0.05
Test statistic is

𝑍 =¿ ¿
The critical region is
= 1.589

CR: z > z0..05 = 1.65 -¥ 0 1.65 ¥

Conclusion : 8
As calculated Z falls in the acceptance region, so we will Accept Ho & conclude
that performance of guides and scouts are same in the fitness test.
Question # 1
A researcher claims that students in a private
university have exam scores that are at most 8
points higher than those of students in public
universities. Random samples of 60 students from
each type of university are selected and given an
exam. The results are shown below. At a = 0.05,
test the claim?
Private University: X = 110 S = 15 n = 60
1 1 1

Public University: X = 104 S = 15 n = 60

2 2 2

Ans: Z = - 0.73, CR: 1.65

Question # 2
Is there a difference in average miles
traveled for each of two taxi companies during a
randomly selected week? The data are shown
bellow. Use a = 0.05. Assume the populations are
normally distributed. Use the P-value method.
Moonview Cab Starlight Taxi
Company Company
X = 837
1 X = 753
2

s = 30, n = 35
1 1 s = 40, n = 40
2 2
9

Ans: z = 10.36 P-value = 0.0008

Question # 3
A form of intelligence test was given to
random samples of soldiers and sailors in a
certain country. The following results were
recorded. Number in Mean Sample Standard
Samples Score Deviation
Soldiers 332 12.78 2.43
Sailors 615 12.99 2.48

At  = 0.01, test the hypothesis that there is no

difference between the mean scores. Assume the
populations of scores to be normal. Ans: z = - 1.24, CR: ± 2.58
Question # 4
A random sample of size 36 from a normal
population with variance 24 gave x1 = 15. A
second sample of size 28 from a normal
population with variance 80 gave x2 = 13. Test
Ho: 1  2 = 0 against H1: 1  2  0. Let  = 0.05
Ans. Z = 1.06
10
Question # 5
A potential buyer of light bulbs bought 50 bulbs of
each of 2 brands. Upon testing the bulbs, he
found that brand A had a mean life of 1282 hours
when 1 = 80 hours, whereas brand B had a
mean life of 1208 hours when 2 = 94 hours. Can
the buyer be quite certain that the two brands do
differ in quality? Use  = 0.05. Ans: z = 4.29,
Question
CR: ± 1.96 #6
An examination was given to two classes of
40 and 50 students, respectively. In the first
class, mean grade was 74 with standard
deviation of 8, while in the second class the
mean grade was 78 with a standard deviation of
7. Is there a significant difference between mean
grades at 5% level of significance?
Question
Ans. Z = - 2.48 #7
The two samples A and B detailed below were taken from normal
populations of standard deviation 0.8. Test whether the difference of means
is significant. Use a = 0.05 11
Ans: z = - 2.11, CR: ± 1.96
2. Testing Hypothesis About Difference Between Two Proportions.
(General Procedure).
(i) (a) H0: p1 - p2 = 0 and H1: p1 - p2 ¹ 0 (Two Tailed Test)
(b) H0: p1 - p2 £ 0 and H1: p1 - p2 > 0 (One Tailed Test)
(c) H0: p1 - p2 ³ 0 and H1: p1 - p2 < 0 (One Tailed Test)
(ii) Choose the level of significance a.
(iii) The Test Statistic is

𝑍 =¿ ¿
( pˆ1  pˆ 2 )  ( p1  p2 )
or Z
pˆ1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ2

n1 n2
[ for the alternative ( p1  p2 )  0] [if H o : p1  p2   o or H1: p1  p2  or ]
X1  X 2 n1 pˆ1  n2 pˆ 2 X1 X
where p = or p = pˆ1  , pˆ 2  2
n1  n2 n1  n2 n1 n2
and q 1 p qˆ1  1  pˆ1 , qˆ2  1  pˆ 2
(iv) The critical region is
(a) H1 : p1 ¹ p2, CR: | z | ³
(b) H1 : p1 > p2, CR: z > zaz

(c) H1 : p1 < p2, CR: z < –za 
(v) The calculation of the test statistic.
(vi) Conclusion :
Reject Ho If calculated z lies in the critical region, otherwise accept it.
12
Example # 5
In a sample of 100 store
customers, 43 used a Master Card. In
another sample of 100, 58 used a Visa
card. At a = 0.05, is there a difference in
the proportion of people who use each
type
tio
n of credit card.
lu
So H0: p1 - p2 = 0
43  58
H1: p1 - p2 ¹ 0 (claim) where p = =0.505
100  100
a = 0.05
and q  1  0.505 = 0.495
Test statistic is

𝑍 =¿ ¿
(0.43  0.58)  0
  2.12
 1 1 
0.505  0.495   
 100 100 

^p = 0.43 ^ = 0.58
p q^1 = 0.57 q^2 = 0.42
1 2

The critical region is

CR: | z | ³ z  = ± 1.96 -¥ – 1.96 1.96 ¥
 0
Conclusion :
Reject Ho calculated Z lies in the rejection region. Proportions are different. 13
Example # 6
A survey of 1000 drivers this year
showed that 29% of the people send text
messages while driving. Last year a survey of
1000 drivers showed that 17% of those send text
messages while driving. At a = 0.01, can it be
concluded that there has been an increase in the
number of drivers who text while driving?
n
u tio
S ol H0: p1 - p2 £ 0 H1:
p1 - p2 > 0 (claim)
a = 0.01
Test statistic is
( pˆ1  pˆ 2 )  ( p1  p2 ) (0.29  0.17)  0
Z   6.442
pˆ1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 0.29  0.71 0.17  0.83
 
n1 n2 1000 1000
pˆ1  0.29, pˆ 2  0.17, qˆ1  0.71, qˆ 2  0.83
The critical region is
CR: z > 2.33
-¥ 2.33 ¥
Decision & Conclusion: 0
Reject Ho as calculated Z lies in the rejection region. We conclude that there is enough
evidence to say that the proportion of drivers who send text messages is 14
larger today than it was last year.
 Example # 7
A market researcher conducts a survey to
test the hypothesis that Locality A’s proportion of
households with two or more cars exceeds by more
than 0.05 the proportion of Locality B’s households
with two or more cars. In Locality A , 113
households from a sample of 150 households have
more than two cars, whereas in Locality B, 104
households from a sample of 160 households have
more
n
than two cars. Use a = 0.10.
io
l ut H: p1 - p2 £ 0.05
So 0

H1: p1 - p2 > 0.05 (claim)

a = 0.10
Test statistic is
( pˆ1  pˆ 2 )  ( p1  p2 ) (0.75  0.65)  0.05
Z   1.00
pˆ1qˆ1 pˆ 2 qˆ 2 0.75  0.25 0.65  0.35
 
n1 n2 150 160
pˆ1  113 / 150  0.75, pˆ 2  104 / 160  0.65
The critical region is
CR: z > 1.28 -¥ 0 1.28 ¥
Decision & Conclusion:
Calculated Z lies in the acceptance rejection, we will accept H o and conclude that Locality A’s proportion of households
with two or more cars does not exceeds by more than 0.05 the proportion of Locality B’s households with two or more 15
cars.
Question # 8
A random sample of 150 light bulbs
manufactured by a firm X showed 12 defective
bulbs while a random sample of 100 light bulbs
manufactured by another firm Y showed 4
defective bulbs. Is there a significant difference
between the proportions of two firms? Use a =
0.01. Ans: z = 1.35
Question # 9
In a population that has COVID – 19 ,
samples of 100 males and 100 females are
taken. It is found that 31 males and 24 females
have positive COVID – 19. Can we conclude at
0.01 level of significance that proportion of men
who has COVID – 19 is greater than proportion
of women? Ans: z =
1.11
Question # 10
In a sample of 200 men, 130 said
they used seat belts. In a sample of 300 women,
63 said they used seat belts. Test the claim that 16
men are more safety-conscious that women, at 
Ans. Z = 10.7
Question # 11 Men

Use Alternative Medicine Therapy

A study found a difference in the
48.9%
proportion of adult men and women who use
alternative medicines, massage, spiritual
healing, and acupuncture. In the study, 450 Women
men and 400 women were asked if they used
at least one alternative medicine therapy 37.8%
during the past year. The results are shown at
right. At a = 0.05, is there enough evidence to
support the claim that there is a significant use of alternative medicines
Ans: z = 3.28
difference in between men and women?
Question # 12
A telephone service South 50%
Utility
representative believes that the proportion of Satisfaction West 43%
Customers
customers completely satisfied with their local give their local
phone service
telephone service is greater in the South than a higher
satisfaction
in the West. If the representative’s belief is rating than
other services.

based on the results of the survey, is there Those

“completely

enough evidence to support the satisfied”

with local
phone
representative’s belief? Assume the survey service by
region: 17
included 978 southern residents and 1100
 a = 0.05
Denominator n 2

Numerator n1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30

1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 236.8 238.9 240.5 241.9 243.9 245.9 248.0 249.1 250.1
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3,23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 18
1.88
18
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 5.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85
 a = 0.01
Denominator n 2

Numerator n1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30

1 4052 4999.5 5403 5625 5764 5859 5928 5982 6022 6056 6106 6157 6209 6235 6261
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 5.81 4.73 4.65
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70
13 9.07 6.90 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58
25 7.77 5.77 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 19
2.44 19
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.730 2.57 2.49 2.41
30 7.56 5.39 4051 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39
 a = 0.025
Denominator n 2

Numerator n1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30

1 647.8 799.5 846.2 899.6 921.8 937.1 948.2 956.7 963.3 968.6 976.7 984.9 933.9 997.2 1001
2 38.51 39.00 39.17 39.25 39.30 39.33 39.36 39.37 39.39 39.40 39.41 39.43 39.45 39.46 39.46
3 17.44 16.04 15.44 15.10 14.88 14.73 14.62 14.54 14.47 14.42 14.34 14.25 14.17 14.12 14.08
4 12.22 10.65 9.98 9.60 9.36 9.20 9.07 8.98 8.90 8.84 8.75 8.86 8.56 8.51 8.46
5 10.01 8.43 7.76 7.39 7.15 6.98 6.85 6.76 6.68 6.62 6.52 6.43 6.33 6.28 6.23
6 8.81 7.26 6.60 6.23 5.99 5.82 5.70 5.60 5.52 5.46 5.37 5.27 5.17 5.12 5.07
7 8.07 6.54 5.89 5.52 5.29 5.12 4.99 4.90 4.82 4.76 4.67 4.57 4.47 4.42 4.36
8 7.57 6.06 5.42 5.05 4.82 4.65 4.53 4.43 4.36 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 3.95 3.89
9 7.21 5.71 5.08 4.72 4.48 4.32 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.96 3.87 3.77 3.67 3.61 3.56
10 6.94 5.46 4.83 4.47 4.24 4.07 3.95 3.85 3.78 3.72 3.62 3.52 3.42 3.37 3.31
11 6.72 5.26 4.63 4.28 4.04 3.88 3.76 3.66 3.59 3.53 3.43 3.33 3.23 3.17 3.12
12 6.55 5.10 4.47 4.12 3.89 3.73 3.61 3.51 3.44 3.37 3.28 3.18 3.07 3.02 2.96
13 6.41 4.97 4.35 4.00 3.77 3.60 3.48 3.39 3.31 3.25 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.89 2.84
14 6.30 4.86 4.24 3.89 3.66 3.50 3.38 3.29 3.21 3.15 3.05 2.95 2.84 2.79 2.73
15 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29 3.20 3.12 3.06 2.96 2.86 2.76 2.70 2.64
16 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22 3.12 3.05 2.99 2.89 2.79 2.68 2.63 2.57
17 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16 3.06 2.98 2.92 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.56 2.50
18 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.01 2.93 2.87 2.77 2.67 2.56 2.50 2.44
19 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.72 2.62 2.51 2.45 2.39
20 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01 2.91 2.84 2.77 2.68 2.57 2.46 2.41 2.35
21 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97 2.87 2.80 2.73 2.64 2.53 2.42 2.37 2.31
22 5.79 4.38 3.78 3.44 3.22 3.05 3.93 2.84 2.76 2.70 2.60 2.50 2.39 2.33 2.27
23 5.75 4.35 3.75 3.41 3.18 3.02 2.90 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.30 2.24
24 5.72 4.32 3.72 3.38 3.15 2.99 2.87 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.54 2.44 2.33 2.27 2.21
25 5.69 4.29 3.69 3.35 3.13 2.97 2.85 2.75 2.68 2.61 2.51 2.41 2.30 2.24 2.18
26 5.66 4.27 3.67 3.33 3.10 2.94 2.82 2.73 2.65 2.59 2.49 2.39 2.28 2.22 2.16
27 5.63 4.24 3.65 3.31 3.08 2.92 2.80 2.71 2.63 2.57 2.47 2.36 2.25 2.19 20
2.13
20
28 5.61 4.22 3.63 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.45 2.34 2.23 2.17 2.11
29 5.59 4.20 3.61 3.27 3.04 2.88 2.76 2.67 2.59 2.53 2.43 2.32 2.21 2.15 2.09
 a = 0.10
Denominator n 2

Numerator n1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30

1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26
2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46
3 5.54 5.56 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17
4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17
6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80
7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.72 2.75 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56
8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38
9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25
10 3.29 3.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16
11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08
12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01
13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96
14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87
16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84
17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81
18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78
19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76
20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74
21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.72
22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70
23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.72 1.69
24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67
25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.18 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.69 1.66
26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65
27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 21
1.64 21
28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 184 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63
29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 199 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62
3. Testing Hypothesis About Difference Between Two Variances.
(General Procedure).
(i) (a) H0: s21 = s22 and H1: s21 ¹ s22 (Two Tailed Test) (Equality of variances)
(b) H0: s21 £ s22 and H1: s21 > s22 (One Tailed Test)
(c) H0: s21 ³ s22 and H1: s21 < s22 (One Tailed Test)
(ii) Choose the level of significance a.
(iii) The Test Statistic is
s12 2 2
F= where s1  s 2
s 22
with V1 = n1 – 1 and V2 = n2 – 1 d.f.
(iv) The critical region is
(a) H1 : s21 ¹ s22 F ³ F (v1 , v 2 )

(b) H1 : s21 > s22 F ³ F ( 1 , 2 )

(c) H1 : s21 < s22 F ³ F ( 2 ,  1 )

0 F +¥
(v) The calculation of the test statistic.
(vi) Conclusion :
Reject Ho If calculated F lies in the critical region, otherwise accept it.

When the degree of freedom cannot be found in table,

the lowest value on the smaller side should be used.
22
 Example # 8
A medical researcher wishes to see
whether the variances of the heart rates (in beats
per minute) of smokers are different from the
variances of the heart rates of people who do not
smoke. Two samples are selected, and data are
shown. Using a = 0.05, is there enough evidence
to support the claim?
Smokers: s = 36 n = 26
2
1 1

Nonsmokers: s = 10 n = 18 2
2 2
n
u tio
S ol H0: s21 = s22 H1:
s21 ¹ s22 (claim) a =
0.05
Test 2statistic is
s1
F = 2 = 3.6 where s12  s 22
s2
The critical region is
H1 : s21 ¹ s22 : F ³ F (v1 , v 2 ) = F0.025 (25, 17) = 2.56 +¥
 0 2.56
Conclusion :
Reject Ho because calculated F = 3.6 lies in the critical region and conclude that
23
the variances of the heart rates of smokers and nonsmokers are different.
Example # 9
The percent moisture content in a puffed corn
cereal where samples are from two different ”guns”
showed
Gun – I: 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.4
Gun – II: 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.9 3.6 3.5 4.0
Using a = 0.05, test the hypothesis Ho: s21 £ 0.03 s22
n
with
u tio an alternative H : s2 > 0.03 s2
ol
S 1 1 2
H0: s21 £ 0.03s22 H1:
s21 > 0.03s22 (claim) a =
0.05
Test statistic is
[∑ (∑ 𝑋 1)
] [ ]
2
2
s12 1 1 ( 21.4 )
F= where 𝑠 12= 𝑋 1 2− = 76.5 − =0.034
𝑛1 − 1 𝑛1 5 6
0.03  s 2
[∑ ] [
2
(∑ 𝑋 2 )
]
2
2
and 𝑠 2 2= 1 𝑋 22−
1
= 129.40 −
32.0
=0. 2
0.034 𝑛2 −1 𝑛2 7 8
F= = 5.67
0.03  0.2
The critical region is
H1 : s21 > 0.03s22 : F ³ F ( 1 , 2 ) = F0.05 (5, 7) = 3.97
0 3.97 +¥
Conclusion :
Reject Ho because calculated F = 5.67 lies in the critical region, and conclude that
24
s21 > 0.03s22 .
 Example # 10
The standard deviation of the average waiting time
to see a doctor for non-life-threatening problems in the
emergency room at an urban hospital is 32 minutes. At
a second hospital, the standard deviation is 28
minutes. If a sample of 16 patients was used in the first
case and 18 in the second case, is there enough
evidence to conclude at the 0.01 significance level that
the standard deviation of the waiting times in the first
hospital is greater than the standard deviation of the
waiting
n
times in the second hospital?
io
l ut
So H0: s21 £ s22 H1:
s21 > s22 (claim) a=
0.01
Test statistic
2 2
is
s1 32
F   1.3061
s2 2 282
The critical region is
H1 : s21 > s22 : F ³ F ( 1 , 2 ) = F0.01 (15, 17) = 3.31 0 3.31 +¥
Decision & Conclusion:
Accept Ho because calculated F = 1.3061 lies in the acceptance region, and we conclude that, there is not enough evidence to 25
support the claim that the standard deviation of the waiting times of the first hospital is greater than the standard deviation of the waiting
times of the second hospital.
Question # 13
A researcher wants to compare the variances of the
heights (in inches) of private university basketball players
with those of players in public universities. A sample of 30
players from each type of university is selected, and the
variances of the heights for each type are 3.15 and 2.43,
respectively. At a = 0.10, is there a significant difference
between the variances of the heights in the two types of
universities? Ans: F = 1.296, CR: 1.90

Question # 14
An instructor claims that when a composition
course is taught in conjunction with a word-processing
course, the variance in the final grades will be larger than
when the composition course is taught without the word-
processing component. Two groups are randomly
selected. The variance of the exams of the group that also
had word-processing instruction is 103, and the variance
of
the exams of the students who did not have the word-
processing component is 73. Each sample consists of 20
students. At a = 0.05, can the instructor’s claim be 26
supported? Ans: F = 1.41, CR: 2.23
Question # 15
A researcher claims that the variation of blood pressure of
overweight individuals is greater than the variation of
blood pressure of normal-weight individuals. The
standard deviation of the pressures of 25 overweight
people was found to be 6.2 mm Hg, and the standard
deviation of the pressures of 21 normal-weight people
was 2.7 mm Hg. At a = 0.01, can the researcher conclude
that the blood pressures of overweight individuals are
more variable than those of individuals who are of normal
weight? Ans: F = 5.27, CR: 2.86

Question # 16
A researcher wishes to test the variation in the
number of pounds lost by men who follow two popular
liquid diets. Ten men follow diet A for four months, and the
standard deviation of the weight loss is 6.3 pounds. Twelve
men follow diet B for four months, and the standard
deviation of the weight loss is 4.8 pounds. At a = 0.05, can
the researcher substantiate the claim that the variation in
pounds lost following diet A is greater than the variation in
pounds lost following diet B? Ans: F = 1.72, CR: 2.90 27
 Table: Critical Values of t
d.f t 0.40 t 0.30 t 0.20 t 0.10 t 0.05 t 0.025 t 0.01 t 0.005 t 0.0025 t 0.0005
1 0.325 0.727 1.376 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 127.321 636.578
2 0.289 0.617 1.061 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.956 9.925 14.089 31.600
3 0.277 0.584 0.978 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 12.924
4 0.271 0.569 0.941 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.064 5.598 8.610
5 0.267 0.559 0.920 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 6.869
6 0.265 0.553 0.906 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.959
7 0.263 0.549 0.896 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 5.408
8 0.262 0.546 0.889 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 5.041
9 0.261 0.543 0.883 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.781
10 0.260 0.542 0.879 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.587
11 0.260 0.540 0.876 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.437
12 0.259 0.539 0.873 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 4.318
13 0.259 0.538 0.870 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 4.221
14 0.258 0.537 0.868 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 4.140
15 0.258 0.836 0.866 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 4.073
16 0.258 0.535 0.865 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 4.015
17 0.257 0.534 0.863 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.965
18 0.257 0.534 0.862 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.922
19 0.257 0.533 0.861 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.883
20 0.257 0.533 0.860 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.850
21 0.257 0.532 0.859 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.819
22 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.792
23 0.256 0.532 0.858 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.768
24 0.256 0.531 0.857 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.745
25 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.725
26 0.256 0.531 0.856 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.497 2.779 3.067 3.707
27 0.256 0.531 0.855 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.689
28 0.256 0.530 0.855 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.674
29 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.660
30 0.256 0.530 0.854 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.646
40 0.255 0.529 0.851 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.551
60 0.254 0.527 0.848 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.460
∞ 0.253 0.524 0.842 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.290

28
 4. Testing the Difference Between Two Means: small independent samples.
(General Procedure).
H0: s21 = s22 (variances are identical) and
H1: s21 ¹ s22 (variances are not identical)
Choose the level of significance a.
s12
The Test Statistic is F 2 where s12  s 22
s2
Determine critical value F (v1 , v2 ) and add them to your sketch.

Make the decision to reject or accept the null hypothesis.
0 Fa/2 +¥
H0: m1 – m2 = 0 and H1: m1 – m2 ¹ 0
H0: m1 – m2 £ 0 and H1: m1 – m2 > 0
H0: m1 – m2 ³ 0 and H1: m1 – m2 < 0
Choose the level of significance a.
If we accept H0: s21 = s22

If we accept H1: s21 ¹ s22

( x1  x 2 )  ( 1   2 ) ( x1  x2 )  ( 1  2 )
t = The Test Statistic is t =
1 1 s12 s22
sp  OR 
n1 n2 n1 n2
= (n1 – 1)s1 + (n2 – 1)s2
2 2
where sp Where the d.f are equal to the
(n + n2 – 2 )
The critical region is 1 smaller of n1 – 1 or n2 – 1 .
(a) H1 : m1 ¹ m2, | t | ³ t d.f = (n + n2 – 2 )
a/2 (d.f) 1

(b) H1 : m1 > m2, t > ta(d.f)

(c) H1 : m1 < m2, t < – ta(d.f)
Conclusion : 29
Reject Ho If calculated t lies in the critical region, otherwise accept it.
Example # 11
Cotton threads are made by two different processes which
are to be compared. A random sample of 12 threads
manufactured by the first process has a mean breaking
strength of 15 ounces with a standard deviation 5.1 ounces
while a sample 10 threads manufactured by the second
process has a mean breaking strength of 12 ounces with a
standard deviation 3.4 ounces. At a = 0.05, test the
hypothesis that there is a difference in the mean breaking The critical region is
strength of cotton threads made by two processes. CR = t = ±2.086
n 0.025 (20)
tio
l u
So
H0: s21 = s22 H0: m1 – m2 = 0
H1: s21 ¹ s22 a H1: m1 – m2 ¹ 0
= 0.05
Test statistic is (claim) a = 0.05
s12 (5.1)2 Test statistic is ¥
F= = = 2.25 s12  s 22 ( X 1  X 2 )  ( 1  2 ) -¥ - 2.086 2.086
s 22 (3.4)2 t 0
The critical region is 1 1
sp   Decision & Conclusion :
CR = F0.025 (11, 9) = 3.96 n1 n2 Accept Ho and conclude that
(Sp = 4.42) there is no difference in the
(15  12)  0 mean breaking strength of
t cotton threads made by two
(12  1)  5.12  (10  1)  3.42 1 1
  processes.
0 +¥
12  10  2 12 10
3.96
Conclusion : 3 30
t  1.585
Accept H0 and conclude that s21 = s22 1.8925
Example # 12
A professor thinks that math
majors can write and debug computer
programs faster than business majors. A
sample of 12 math majors took an average
of 36 minutes to write a specific program
and debug it; a sample of 18 business
majors took an average of 39 minutes. The
standard deviations were 4 minutes & 9
minutes, respectively. At a = 0.10, is thereevidence to support the claim?
n
enough
ol
u tio
S H0: s 1 = s 2
2 2
H0: m1 – m2 ³ 0 The critical region is
H1: s21 ¹ s22 a H1: m1 – m2 < 0 CR = t 0.10 (11) = – 1.363
= 0.10 (claim) a = 0.10
Test statistic is
s 22 Test statistic is
81
F= 2 =
s1
= 5.06 ( s 22  s12 ) ( x1  x2 )  ( 1  2 )
16 t =
The critical region is s12 s22
CR = F0.05 (17, 11) = 2.72  -¥ ¥
n1 n2 - 1.363 0
Conclusion:
t = – 1.24 Accept Ho and conclude that no
evidence to support the claim.
0 2.72 +¥
Conclusion : 31
Accept H1 and conclude that s21 ¹ s22
Example # 13
The mean age of a sample of 15 people
who were playing the slot machines is 48.7 years,
and the standard deviation is 6.8 years. The
mean age of a sample of 10 people who were
playing roulette is 55.3 with a standard deviation
of 3.2 years. Can it be concluded at a = 0.05 that
the mean age of those playing the slot machines
is less than those playing roulette? Assume the
populations of machines are approximately
normal and have equal variance.
n
tio
S ol
u
H0: m1 – m2 ³ 0 The critical region is
CR = t 0.05 (23) = – 1.714
H1: m1 – m2 < 0
(claim) a = 0.05
Test statistic is
( X 1  X 2 )  ( 1  2 ) (48.7  55.3)  0
t   2.851
1 1 1 1 -¥ - 1.714 ¥
sp   5.67   Decision & Conclusion:
0
n1 n2 15 10 Accept H1 and conclude that there is enough
evidence to support the claim that the mean
(n1  1) s12  (n2  1) s2 2 (15  1)  6.82  (10  1)  3.22 age of those playing the slot machines is less
sp    5.67 than those playing roulette.
n1  n2  2 15  10  2 32
Question # 17
The average price of
15 cans of tomatoes from different
stores is £0.73, and the standard
deviation is £0.05. The average price of
24 cans of potatoes from different
stores is £0.91, and the standard
deviation is £0.03. At a = 0.05,Ans:
is there
F = 2.78, t = -12.59
a significant difference in price?
Question # 18
The
average income of 10 families who
reside in a large metropolitan East
Coast city is $26800, with a
standard deviation of $600. The
average income of 8 families who
reside in a rural area of the
Midwest is $25400, with a standard
deviation of $450. At a = 0.05, can
it be concluded that the families
who live in the cities have a higher 33
Ans: F = 1.78, t = 5.47
income than those of live in the
Question # 19
The average size of a farm in
Indiana County, Pennsylvania, is 191 acres.
The average size of a farm in Greene County,
Pennsylvania, is 199 acres. Assume the data
were obtained from two samples with
standard deviations of 38 and 12 acres,
respectively, and sample sizes of 8 and 10,
respectively. Can it be concluded at a = 0.05
that the average size of the farms in the two
counties is different? Assume the populations
= ± 1.895, Accept H
are normally Ans: F = 10.03, F
distributed. = 4.20, t = - 0.57, t
0.025(7, 9)
evidence to support the claim.
0.05 (7) o and conclude that not enough

Question # 20
A sample of 15 teachers from Rhode
Island has an average salary of $35270, with a
standard deviation of $3256. A sample of 29
teachers from New York has an average salary of
$29512, with a standard deviation of $1432. Is
there a significant difference in teacher’s salaries
between the two states?
Ans: F = 5.17, CR: F
t = 6.53 , CR: t
Use2.90,
a = 0.02.
0.01 (14, 28) =
= ±2.624
34
0.01(14)
 Question # 21
Two separate classes of students were tested. The
experimental group (X1) had 10 subjects: the control
group (XII) had 9 subjects. The data given below are
normally distributed with identical standard deviations
but unknown. Determine whether the means of the
two groups differ significantly at the 0.05 level of
significance.
XI: 12, 13, 16, 14, 15, 12, 15, 14, 13, 16.
XII: 10, 13, 14, 12, 15, 16, 12, 14, 11.
Ans: Sp = 1.715, t = 1.27 , |t| ≥ t0.025 (17) = 2.110, s12 = 2.22, s22 = 3.75

Question # 22
The average price of seven ABC
dishwashers was $845, and the average price nine
XYZ dishwashers was $815. The standard
deviations were $19 and $9, respectively. At a =
0.05, can one conclude that the ABC dishwashers
cost more? Assume that the populations have
identical variances. Ans: t =
4.1990 , sp = 14.177, CR: t0.05(14) = 1.761, Reject null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to support
the claim that the ABC dishwashers cost more. 35
5. Testing Hypothesis about Two Means with Paired Observations.
(General Procedure). (Dependent Samples.)

(i) Ho : md = 0 (or m1 – m2 = 0 ) (a)

H1 : md ¹ 0 (Two Tailed Test) There are many
(b) H1 : md > 0 (One Tailed Test) situations in which
(c) H1 : md < 0 (One Tailed Test) samples are not
independent. This
(ii) Choose the level of significance a. happens when the
d  d observations are found
(iii) The Test Statistic is t = sd a pairs as the two
observations of a pair
n are related to each
other. Pairs occurs
(iv) The critical region is either naturally or by
(a) H1 : md ¹ 0, CR: | t | ³ t (n 1) design. Natural pairing
2
occurs whenever
(b) H1 : md > 0, CR: t > t (n 1) measurement is taken
on the same unit or
(c) H1 : md < 0, CR: t < – t (n  1) individual at two
different times. Like
(v) The calculation of the test statistic. before-and-after.
(vi) Conclusion : Observations are also
Reject Ho If t lies in the critical region, otherwise accept it. paired to eliminate
effects in which there is
no interest.

36
Example # 14
The following data give a paired
yield of two varieties of wheat. Each pair
was planted in a different locality. Test the
hypothesis that the mean yields are equal.
Use  I= 0.05.
Variety 45 32 58 57 60 38 47 51 42 38
Variety II 47 34 60 59 63 44 49 53 46 41
Solution
Ho : md = 0
d  d
The Test Statistic is t=
sd
n
H1 : md ¹ 0 a 1  2 ( d) 
2
28
x
= 0.05
y d=xy d2 d    2.8 sd   d  
45 47 2 4 10 n 1  n 
Computation
32 34 2 4 2
1 (28) 
58 60 2 4 sd   94    1.32
9 10
57 59 2 4
60 63 3 9 2.8  0
t    6.71
38 44 6 36 1.32 / 10
47 49 2 4
51 53 2 4
Critical region is |t|>  t0.025(9) = 2.262
42 46 4 16
38 41 3 9 Conclusion:
∑ 28 94 Since our calculated value t =  6.71 falls in the region of
rejection; we will accept H1 and conclude that mean yields are
37
not equal.
 Question # 23
The weight of four persons before
they stopped smoking and 5 weeks after they
stopped smoking are as follows:
Person 1 2 3 4
Before 148 176 153 116
After 154 176
151 121
At a = 0.05, test the hypothesis that giving up
smoking has no effect on person’s weight.
Ans: Ho : Giving up smoking has no effect on person’s weight. md = 0 (claim), H1 : Giving up smoking has effect on person’s weight md ¹ 0 t = 1.165,
CR: ± 3.182 , Accept Ho, and may conclude that data do not provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the Giving up smoking
has effect on person’s weight.

Question # 24
Ten young recruits were put through a strenuous
physical training program by the Army. Their weights
were recorded before and after the training with the
following results.
Weight before 125 195 160 171 140 201 170 176 195 139
Weight after 136 201 158 184 145 195 175
190 190 145

Using a = 0.05, would you say that the

program affects the average weight of recruits?
Ans: Ho: Program do not affects the average weight of recruits H1 : Program affects the average weight of 38
recruits md ¹ 0 (claim), t =  2.09, CR: ± 2.262 , Accept Ho
 Question # 25
A sports-shoe manufacturer claims that joggers who wear its brand of
shoe will jog faster than those who don’t. A sample of eight joggers is
taken, and they agree to test the claim on a 1-mile track. The rates (in
minutes) of the joggers while wearing the manufacturer's shoe and
while wearing any other brand of shoe are shown here. Test the claim
at a = 0.025.
Runner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Manufacturer’s brand 8.2 6.3 9.2 8.6 6.8 8.7 8.0 6.9
Other brand 7.1 6.8 9.8 8.0 5.8 8.0 7.4 8.0
Ans: Ho : Joggers who wear its brand of shoe will not jog faster than those who don’t md ≥ 0, H1 : Joggers who wear its brand of shoe will jog faster than
those who don’t md < 0 (claim), t = 0.765, CR: 2.365 Accept Ho, and conclude that there is not enough evidence to support the claim that Joggers who wear its brand of shoe
will jog faster than those who don’t.

Question # 26
An experiment was performed with seven hop plants. One
half of each plant was pollinated, and the other half was not
pollinated. The yield of the seed of each hop plant is tabulated as
Plant Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
follows:
Pollinated 0.78 0.76 0.43 0.92 0.86 0.59 0.68
Non-Pollinated 0.21 0.12 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.20 0.14

Determine at the 5% level whether the pollinated half of the plant

Ans: Ho : Pollinated half does not give a higher mean yield than the non-pollinated half md ≤ 0, H1 : Pollinated half
gives a higher yield in seed than the non-pollinated half.
gives a higher mean yield of seed than the non-pollinated md > 0 (claim), t = 6.96, CR: 1Accept H1, and conclude
that there is enough evidence to support the claim that Pollinated half gives a higher mean yield of seed
39
Question # 27
A physical education director claims by taking a special vitamin, a
weight-lifter can increase his strength. Eight athletes are selected
and given a test of strength, using the standard bench press. After
two weeks of regular training, supplemented with the vitamin, they
were tested again. Test the effectiveness of the vitamin regimen at
a = 0.05. Each value in the data that follow represents the
maximum number of pounds the athlete can bench press. Assume
that the variable is approximately normally distributed.
Athlete 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Before 210 230 182 205 262 253 219 216
After 219 236 179 204 270 250 222 216

Ans: In order for vitamins to be effective, the “ before” weight must be significantly less than the “after” weights;
hence, the mean of the differences must be less than zero: H1 : md < 0 (claim), Ho : md ≥ 0, t = 1.388, CR:
1.895 Accept Ho, and conclude that there is not enough evidence to support the claim that vitamin increases the strength of weight lifters.

40
 PRACTICE
( Basic Skills & Concepts )
• A Doctor wants to determine if the life expectancy of people in Africa is less
than the life expectancy of people in Asia. The data obtained is shown in the
table below. Use a = 0.05 • (1) H : ³ o
Africa Asia •
1. What is the null hypothesis. (2) - 1.65
X 55.3 65.2 •
2. Calculate the critical value. (3) - 5.45
s 8.1 9.3 • (4) - 13.46 < m1 – m2 < -6.34
n 53 42 3. What is the test value.
4. Determine the 95% C.I. of the difference in means.

PRACTICE
Complete the following statements 1. negative
2. t-test
1. The value of F cannot be ______________. 3. dependent
4. denominator
2. To determine whether two sample variances are equal, a researcher can use a
____________.
3. When the subjects are paired or matched in some way, samples are considered to
be __________.
4. When finding the F test value, the smaller of the variances is placed in the
__________.
41
 PRACTICE
Complete the following statements.
5. A statistical test conducted to determine whether to reject or not reject a
hypothesized probability distribution for a population is known as ___________.
6.

7. If X is a normal random variable with mean µ = 50 and standard deviation σ = 7,

if Y = X – 7 then standard deviation of Y is _________.
8.

9. A carpet company advertises that it will deliver your carpet within 15 days of
purchase. A sample of 49 past customers is taken. The average delivery time in the
sample was 16.2 days. The population standard deviation is 5.6 days. State the null
and alternative hypotheses.
5. Goodness of fit test
6. 1
7. 7
8. H0: p = 0.5, H1: p  0.5. Reject H0; –3.2 < -1.96, there is
sufficient evidence at a = 0.05 to refuse the union official’s claim
42
9. H0:   15 (Claim) H1:  > 15
 PRACTICE
Complete the following statements.
10. A sample of 41 observations yielded a sample standard deviation of 5. If we want
to test Ho: 2 = 20, the test statistic is ___________.
11. Independent simple random samples are taken to test the difference between the
means of two populations whose standard deviations are not known. The sample
sizes are n1 = 25 and n2 = 35. The correct distribution to use is _______________.
12. The average life expectancy of tires produced by the Whitney Tire Company has
been 40,000 miles. Management believes that due to a new production process,
the life expectancy of its tires has increased. In order to test the validity of this
belief, the correct set of hypotheses is H0:_________ and H1:__________
13. The probability of making a Type II error is denoted by __________.
10. 50

11. t distribution with 58 degrees of freedom

12. H0:   40,000 H1:  > 40,000
13. b

43
 Chi-Square Test
A chi-square test is a statistical test used to compare observed results
with expected results. The purpose of this test is to determine if a
difference between observed data and expected data is due to chance,
or if it is due to a relationship between the variables you are studying.
The chi-square can be used for tests concerning frequency distribution
(goodness-of-fit), such as “If a sample of buyers is given a choice of
automobile colors, will each color be selected with the same frequency?”
Chi-Square goodness of fit test determines how well theoretical
distribution (such as normal, binomial, or Poisson) fits the empirical
distribution.
The chi-square distribution can be used to test the independence of two
variables. For example, do the Muslim League feel one way and Anti-
Muslim League feel differently, or do they have the same opinion?
Formula for independence and goodness-of-fit is the same.
Finally, the chi-square distribution can be used to test the homogeneity of
proportions. For example, is the proportion of high school seniors who
attend college immediately after graduating the same for the northern,
southern, eastern, and western parts of the Pakistan.
44
 Table: Critical Values of Chi-Square (c2 )
c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2 c2
d.f
0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001
1 0.04393 0.03157 0.03982 0.02393 0.0158 2.71 3.84 5.02 6.63 7.88 10.83
2 0.0100 0.0201 0.0506 0.103 0.211 4.61 5.99 7.38 9.21 10.60 13.82
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.25 7.81 9.35 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.78 9.49 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47
5 0.412 0.544 0.831 1.145 1.61 9.24 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.52
6 0.676 0.872 1.24 1.64 2.20 10.64 15.29 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46
7 0.989 1.24 1.69 2.17 2.83 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28 24.32
8 1.34 1.65 2.18 2.73 3.49 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.96 26.12
9 1.73 2.09 2.70 3.33 4.17 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88
10 2.16 2.56 3.25 3.94 4.87 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59
11 2.60 3.05 3.82 4.57 5.58 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.73 26.76 31.26
12 3.07 3.57 4.40 5.23 6.30 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91
13 3.57 4.11 5.01 5.89 7.04 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53
14 4.07 4.66 5.63 6.57 7.79 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12
15 4.60 5.23 6.26 7.26 8.55 23.21 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70
16 5.14 5.81 6.91 7.96 9.31 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25
17 5.70 6.41 7.56 8.67 10.09 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79
18 6.26 7.01 8.23 9.39 10.86 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31
19 6.84 7.63 8.91 10.12 11.65 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82
20 7.43 8.26 9.59 10.85 12.44 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.31
21 8.03 8.90 10.28 11.59 13.24 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80
22 8.64 9.54 10.98 12.34 14.04 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27
23 9.26 10.20 11.69 13.09 14.85 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73
24 9.89 10.86 12.40 13.85 15.66 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18
25 10.52 11.52 13.12 14.61 16.47 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62
26 11.16 12.20 13.84 15.38 17.29 35.56 38.89 41.92 45.64 48.29 54.05
27 11.81 12.88 14.57 16.15 18.11 36.74 40.11 43.19 46.96 49.64 55.48
28 12.46 13.56 15.31 16.93 18.94 37.92 41.34 44.46 48.28 50.99 56.89
29 13.12 14.26 16.05 17.71 19.77 39.09 42.56 45.72 49.59 42.34 58.30
30 13.79 14.95 16.79 18.49 20.60 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70
40 20.71 22.16 24.43 26.51 29.05 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40
50 27.99 29.71 32.36 34.76 37.69 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66
60 35.53 37.48 40.48 43.19 46.46 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95 99.61
100 67.33 70.06 74.22 77.93 82.36 118.5 124.3 129.6 135.8 140.2 146.6
45
 1. c2 Test for Goodness of Fit
Example # 15
A market analyst wished to see
whether consumers have any preference
among five flavors of a new fruit soda. A
sample of 100 people provided the following
data: Cherry Strawberry
Orange Lime Grape
32 28 16 14 10 st
o f fi t t e m s a m p l e .
At a = 0.05, test the claim that there is no F
dn e s s
or goo d from ran frequency
do
n ! e
preference in the selection of fruit soda Ca ut i o a r e o b t a i n . e x p e c t e d
ta 2
io
n 1. da
flavors.
So
l ut H : Consumers show no preference for flavors. (claim)
t e g o r y ³ 5.
c h ca
0

H1: Consumers show preference. fo r e a

For expected frequency
 f0  fe 2
a = 0.05
Test Statistic is:
c2 =  fe = 18.0
= 100 / 5 = 20.
d.f. = k – 1 = 5 – 1 = 4
Frequency Cherry Strawberry Orange Lime Grape
fo: 32 28 16 14 10
fe: 20 20 20 20 20
CR: c2 ³ c20.05,(4) = 9.488
0 c2 = 9.488 46 + ¥
Conclusion: Accept H1 and conclude that consumers show preference.
Question # 28
The owner of a sporting-goods store wishes to see
whether his customers show any preference for the
month in which they purchase hunting rifles. The sales
of rifles for the end of last year are shown below. At a =
0.05, test the claim that there is no preference for the
month in which the customers purchase guns.
Month Sept Oct Nov Dec
No. sold 18 23 28 15 Ans: c2 = 4.67, CR : 7.815

Question # 29
The dean of students at a University wishes to test the
claim that the distribution of students is as follows; 40%
business (BU), 25% computer science (CS), 15% science
(SC), 10% social science (SS), 5% liberal arts (LA), and
5% general studies (GS). Last semester, the program
enrollment was distributed as shown below. At a = 0.10,
is the distribution of students the same as hypothesized?
Major BU CS SC SS LA GS
Number 72 53 32 20 16 7 Ans: c2 = 5.613, CR : 9.24 47
 Contingency Table: A table that consists of two or more rows and two
or more columns, into which n observations are classified according to two
different criteria (or variables) is commonly called a contingency table.
Contingency tables provide a useful method of comparing two variables. It is
widely used in marketing.

2. c2 Test for Independence: Procedure

1. Set Hypotheses:
H0: The 2 variables of classification are independent
H1: The 2 variables of classification are not independent i.e.; they are associated or related
f re q uency
d
2. Choose a and 3. Compute expected Frequencies: fe expecte
Ea c h
t i o n !
Ca u ³ 5.
4. Calculate Test Statistic:  f0  fe 2 shou l d b e
ories.
c =
2
fe c o m bine c at e g
If n o t
5. Set Up Contingency Table. Determine the CR which depends on a and the number
of Degrees of Freedom.
CR: c2 ³ c2a ,( r – 1 )( c – 1 )
0 +¥
CR: c2
6. Decision
When the c2&test
Conclusion.
value is significant, and there is relationship between the variables, the
strength of this variable is measured by using the contingency coefficient. (Pearson’s
coefficient of mean square contingency).
48
Example # 16: A Survey was conducted to determine
whether there is a relationship between architectural style
(Split level or Ranch) and geographical location (Urban or
Rural). Survey data given below:
House Location
House Style Urban Rural
Split Level 63 49
15 33
Ranch

Test at the a = 0.01 level to determine whether there is a relationship

between location and architectural style.
n
t io
lu
So
H0: The 2 categorical variables (Architectural Style and Location) are independent.
H1: The 2 categorical variables are related.
a = 0.01 f f
2
 
c =
0 e
2
Test Statistic:
fe

49
 Computation of expected frequencies:
House Location
House Style Urban Rural Total

Split Level 54.6 57.4 112

Ranch 23.4 24.6 48

Total 78 82 160

Now we calculate the chi-square statistic as below:

f0 fe (f0 - fe) (f0 - fe)2 (f0 - fe)2 / fe
63 54.6 8.4 70.56 1.292
15 23.4 -8.4 70.56 3.015
49 57.4 -8.4 70.56 1.229
33 24.6 8.4 70.56 2.868
CR: c2 ³ c2 0.01,( 2 – 1 )( 2 – 1 ) = 0.01(1) = 6.64 c2 = 8.404

Decision: Reject Ho at a = 0.01 0 6.64 +¥

Conclusion: There is evidence that the choice of architectural style and 50
location are related.
Example # 17: Calculate the value of c2 and test the
association between feelings about satellite dish and age
group at a = 0.05. Calculate the coefficient of mean square
contingency. What is the maximum value for C?
Age groups
Feelings 18 - 29 30 - 49 50 - 64 65 & up

For 96 96 90 36
Against 201 189 195 234
Don’t know 3 15 15 30

n
t io
So
lu H0: There is no association between feelings and age group.
H1: There is association between feelings and age group.
a = 0.05  2 f0  fe
Test Statistic: c = 
2
fe
Computation of expected frequencies:
Age groups
General ability 18 - 29 30 - 49 50 - 64 65 & up Total

For 79.5 79.5 79.5 79.5 318

Against 204.75 204.75 204.75 204.75 819
Don’t know 15.75 15.75 15.75 15.75 63
Total 300 300 300 300 1200

51
Now we calculate the chi-square statistic as below:

f0 fe (f0 - fe) (f0 - fe)2 (f0 - fe)2 / fe

96 79.5 16.5 272.25 3.42
201 204.75 - 3.75 14.06 0.07
3 15.75 -12.75 162.56 10.32
96 79.5 272.25 3.42
189 204.75 16.5 248.06 1.21
15 15.75 -15.75 0.563 0.04
90 79.5 -0.75 110.25 1.39
195 204.75 10.5 95.06 0.46
15 15.75 -9.75 0.563 0.04
36 79.5 -0.75 1892.25 23.80
234 204.75 -43.5 855.56 4.18
30 15.75 29.25 203.06 12.89
14.25

CR: c2 ³ c2 0.05,( 3 – 1 )( 4 – 1 ) = 0.05(6) = 15.29 c2 = 61.24

Decision: Reject Ho at a = 0.05
Conclusion: There is association
between feelings about satellite
dish and age group. 0
15.29 +¥

52
Example # 18: Calculate the value of c2 and test the
association between general ability and mathematical
ability at a = 0.01:
Mathematical ability
General V.Good Good Fair
ability Poor

V.Good 20 30 20 2
Good 14 125 85 12
Fair 3 140 165 125
n Poor 3 37 68 151
t io
o lu
S H0: The 2 categorical variables (Mathematical and general ability) are independent.
H1: The 2 categorical variables are related.
a = 0.01
Test Statistic:  f0  fe 2
c2 =  fe
We
s
freq ee tha
the uency t the e
Computation of expected frequencies: f i x
less irst co n the f pected
l i
Mathematical ability the than 5 umn i rst row
ent s
ries ). We t 2.88 ( and in
General ability V.Good Good Fair Poor Total
. her w
efo hich
re c i
V.Good 2.88 23.90 24.34 72 om s
20.88 bin
Good 236 e
Fair 9.44 78.35 79.77 433
Poor 68.44 17.32 143.76 146.35 259
125.57
10.36 85.99 87.54 75.11

Total 40 332 338 290 1000 53

 Now expected frequencies are:

ü General ability
Mathematical ability
V.Good
+ Good
Fair Poor Total

V.Good 26.78 24.34 20.88 72

Good 87.79 79.77 68.44 236
Fair 161.08 146.35 433
125.57 0 16.81 +¥
Poor 259
96.35 87.54 75.11
CR: c2 ³ c20.01,( 4 – 1 )( 3 – 1 ) = 0.01(6) = 16.81
Total 372 338 290 1000
Now we calculate the chi-square statistic as below:
f0 fe (f0 - fe) (f0 - fe)2 (f0 - fe)2 / fe
50 26.78 23.22 539.17 20.133
139 87.79 2622.46 29.872
143 161. 08 51.21 326.89 2.029
40 96.35 -18.08 3175.32 32.956
20 24.34 -56.35 18.84 0.774
85 79.77 -4.34 27.35 0.344
165 146.35 5.23 347.82 2.377
68 87.54 18.65 381.81 4.361
2 20.88 - 356.45 17.072
12 68.44 19.54 3185.47 46.544
125 125.57 -18.88 0.325 0.003
75.11 -56.44 5759.29 76.678
151 -0.57
75.89
c2 = 233.143
Decision: Reject Ho at a = 0.01
Conclusion: There is evidence that the Mathematical and general ability are not
54
independent.
When the c2 test value is significant, and there is relationship between the variables, the
strength of this variable is measured by using the contingency coefficient. (Pearson’s
coefficient of mean square contingency)
The formula for contingency coefficient is
c 2

C =
n+c 2

Contingency coefficient will always be less than one.

From the previous example find Contingency coefficient .

233.143
C = 1000 + 233.143 = 0.4348
When there is complete independence, C = 0. When the two classifications are
perfectly associated, C = where k is the smaller of r or c.
(k  1)
Thus, C lies between 0 < C k , The larger the value of C, the stronger is the
(k  1)
association or dependence. k

Thus, from previous example, r = 4 & c = 3, so k = 3 therefore maximum value of

C=
(3  1) = 0.82 Thus C lies between 0 < C  0.82
3
55
 3. c2 Test for Homogeneity of Proportions
Example # 19
A researcher selected a sample of 150 seniors from
each of three area colleges and asked each senior,
“Do you drive to college in a car owned by either you
or your parents? The data are given below.
College 1 College 2 College 3
Yes 18 22 16
No 32 28 34
At a = 0.05, test the claim that the proportion of students who drive their own
or their parents’ cars is the same at all three colleges.
n
u tio
S ol H0: p1 = p2 = p3
H1: At least one proportion is different from others.
 f0  fe 2
a = 0.05
Test Statistic is:
c2 =  fe = 1.596
College 1 College 2 College 3
Yes 18 (18.67) 22 (18.67) 16 (18.67) 56
94
No 32 (31.33) 28 (31.33) 34 (31.33)
50 50 50 150
CR: c ³ c
2 2
0.05,( 2 – 1 )( 3 – 1 ) = ³ c2 0.05,(2) = 5.991 0 c2 = 5.991 56 + ¥
Conclusion: Accept H0 and conclude that proportion of students who drive their own or their parents’ cars is the same at all three colleges.
Question # 30
A study is being
conducted to determine whether there is a
relationship between jogging and blood
pressure. A random sample of 210
subjects is selected, and they are
classified as shown in the table. At a =
0.05, test the claim that jogging, and
blood pressure are not related.
Blood pressure
Jogging status Low Moderate High
Joggers 34 57 21 Ans: c2 = 6.799, CR : 5.991
Question # 31
Non joggers 15 63 20

A researcher wishes to see whether the age of an

individual is related to coffee consumption. A sample of 152
people is selected, and they are classified as shown in the
table. At a = 0.10, is there a relationship between coffee
consumption and age? Calculate the coefficient of mean
square contingency. What is the maximum value for C?
Coffee consumption
Age Low
Moderate High 21 – 30 18
16 12 31 – 40
9 15 27 57
10 Ans: c = 15.824,
2
41 – 50 5 12 CR : 10.64, Coefficient of MS = 0.3071, Maximum C = 0.82
Question # 32
According to a recent survey, 64%
of American females between the ages of 16
and 20 cannot pass a basic fitness test. A
physical education instructor wishes to
determine if the percentages of such students
in different universities in her district are the
same. She administers a basic fitness test to
120 students in each of four universities. The
results are shown below. At a = 0.05, test the
claim that the proportions who pass the test
are equal.
Southside West End East Hills Jefferson
Passed 49 38 46 34
Ans: c2 = 5.377, CR : 7.851
Failed
Question 71
# 33 82 74 86

The grades in a statistical

examination were at follows. Test the
hypothesis at the 0.01 level of significance, that
the distribution of grades is uniform.
Grade A+ A B C D
58
f 14 18 32 20 16 Ans: c2 = 10, CR : 13.277
Question # 34
Discuss the association between the two
criteria of classification, i.e., degree and hobbies. If
the null hypothesis is rejected, calculate the
Pearson’s coefficient of mean square contingency.
What could be its maximum value for this
contingency table? Use  = 0.05. Degree
Hobby
Marketing TQM HRM
Gardening 24 83 17
Craftwork 11 62 28
Reading 32 121 34
Cooking 10 26 44
Ans: c2 = 54.06, CR : 15.29, Coefficient of mean square = 0.315, maximum value of C = 0.816, so range 0 < C  0.816

Question # 35
An investigation into colour-blindness
and sex of a person gave following results.
Colour Blindness
Sex
Colour Blind Not Colour Blind
Male 36 964
Female 19 981

59
Is there evidence, at 5% level of significance for Ans: c = 5.4, CR : 3.84
2
Question # 36
Examine whether there is any association
between the occupation of the fathers and that of
sons from the following data. If the null hypothesis is
rejected, calculate the Pearson’s coefficient of mean
square contingency. What could be its maximum
value for this contingency table? Use  = 0.01.
Occupation of Father
Occupation
of Son Unskilled Technician Clerical
Unskilled 1205 782 443
Technician 387 889 438
Clerical
Ans: c = 925.1986,
2
971
CR : 13.28, 506 =
Coefficient of mean square 1273 value of C = 0.816, so range
0.3440, maximum 0 < C  0.816

Question # 37
Given the following contingency table of hair
colour and eye colour, find coefficient of contingency. Is
there good association between the two? Use  = 0.05.
Hair Colour
Eye Colour
Fair Brown Black
Blue 15 5 20
Grey 20 10 20
Brown 25 15 20
.
Ans: c2 = 3.646, Coefficient of Contingency = 0.154, Since the value of C is too small association between eye colour and hair colour is not good.
60
CR : 9.49
 CRITICAL THINKING PROBLEM

TOO LONG ON THE TELEPHONE

A company collects data on the lengths of telephone calls made by

employees in two different divisions. The mean and standard deviation
for the sales division are 10.26 and 8.56 respectively. The mean and
standard deviation for the shipping and receiving division are 6.93 and
4.93 respectively. A hypothesis test was run and the computer output
follows. Test statistic……F = 3.01477, P-value ……= 0.01071
df = 56, CI limits = - 0.18979, 6.84979, t = 1.89566, P-value = 0.06317,
a = 0.05, CR = +– 2.0037
1. Are the samples independent or dependent?
2. Why was the F- test run?
3. Were the results of F – test significant ? 1. Independent.
4. How many employees were in the study? 2. To test for any significant
5. Which number from the output is compared to the significance level to differences in the variances.

check if the null hypothesis should be rejected? 3. Yes.

4. 58.
6. Which number from the output is the result of dividing the two sample 5. 0.06317
variances? 6. 3.01477
7. Was a right, left, or two tailed test run? Why? 7. Two tailed, two critical values.
8. What are your conclusions? 8. Accept.
9. What would your conclusion be if the level of significance was initially 9. Reject.
61
set at 0.10?
 Homework
EXERCISES. (Elementary Statistics, Bluman, 4th Edition)
• Examples on Page # 402, 416, 425, 426, 447 ~ 450, 457, 459.
Example #: 10.1, 10.2, 10.6, 10.7, 10.9, 10.10, 10.13, 10.15 ~ 10.17.
• Exercises on Page # 406, 416, 408. 419, 429, 441, 451.
• Problems #: 10.6 ~ 10.21, 10.29 ~ 10.33, 10.45 ~ 10.52, 10.56, 10.57,
10.71 ~ 10.82.
• Examples on page # 516, 525, 528.
Example # 12.3, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7.
• Exercises on page # 520, 533, 534, 535.
Problems # 12.5 ~ 12.10, 12.35 ~ 12.42, 12.44 ~ 12.51.

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