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Error Checking

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Ndakaziva Mushauri
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44 views5 pages

Error Checking

Uploaded by

Ndakaziva Mushauri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Error Checking

CheckSum:
• A method used to check if data has been changed or corrupted following data transmission.
• Data is sent in blocks and a checksum is sent at the end of the block of data.
How Checksum Works:
• When a block of data is about to be transmittes, checksum is calculated from the block of data.
• Calculation is done using an agreed algorithm. (Sender and receiver)
• Checksum is then transmitted with the block of data.
• Receiving end: Checksum is recalculated using the block of data, using the agreed algorithm.
• Re-calculated checksum is compared to the initial checksum sent with the data block.
• If the two checksums are the same, no transmission errors have occured.
• Otherwise a reuqest is made to re-send the block of data.
Echo Check:
• When data is sent to another device, the data is sent back again to the sender.
• Sender’s computer compares two sets of data to check any errors that may have occured during the
transmission process.
How An Echo Check Works:
• A copy of the data is sent back to the sender.
• Returned data is compared to the original data by the sender‘s computer.
• If no differences are found, the data was sent without an error.
• If the two data sets are different then an error occured at some stage during data transmission.

• This method is not very reliable. If two sets of data are different, it is not known whether the error
occured when sending the data in the first place, or if the error occured when sending the data back for
checking.
Check digits:
• The final digit included in a code and is calculated from all the other digits in the code.
• Check digits are often on barcodes on products, such as International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN)
and Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN).
• Used to identify errors in data entry caused by mis-typing or mis-scanning a barcode.
Errors Check Digits Can Identify:
• An incorrect digit entered, for example 5327 instead of 5307.
• Transposition errors where two numbers have changed order, for example 5037 instead of 5307.
• Ommited or extra digits, for example 537 instead of 5307 or 53107 instead of 5307.
• Phonetic errors, for example 13 instead of 30
• ISBN-13 and Modulo-11 can be used.
automatic repeat requests:
• Checks data following data transmission.
How Automatic Repeat Requests Work:
• Uses positive and negative acknowledgements (messages sent to the receiver indicating that data has
or has not been received correctly) and timeout (time interval allowed to elapse before an
acknowledgemtn is received).
• Receiving device receives and error detection code; this is used to detect whether the received data
contains any transmission errors.
• If no error is detected a positive acknowledgement is sent back to the sending device.
• If an error is detected, a negative acknowledgement is sent to the sending device and requests re-
transmission of the data.
• A time-out is used by the sending device by waiting a pre-determined amout of time.
• If no acknowledgement is received within its time limit, it automatically re-sends the data until a
positive acknowledgement is received- or until a pre-determined number of re-transmission has taken
place.
• ARQ is often used by mobile phone networks to garuantee data integrity.

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