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Operating System Lect2

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Operating System Lect2

Uploaded by

Rakib Pk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System

Lecture #2
Introduction to OS
What is basic Computer Organization
The basic organization of a computer system is the processing unit, memory
unit, and input-output devices. The processing unit controls all the functions
of the computer system. It is the brain of the computer e.g. CPU. The
memory unit consists of two units. One is an arithmetic unit and the other is
a logic unit. Input devices are those devices through which end-users can
send messages to computers e.g. keyboard, mouse, etc. Output devices are
those devices through which end-users get output from computers e.g.
monitors.
Computer System Organization
Computer System Organization
• The I/O devices and the CPU both execute concurrently. Some of the processes are
scheduled for the CPU and at the same time, some are undergoing input/output operations.
• There are multiple device controllers, each in charge of a particular device such as
keyboard, mouse, printer etc.
• There is buffer available for each of the devices. The input and output data can be stored
in these buffers.
• The data is moved from memory to the respective device buffers by the CPU for I/O
operations and then this data is moved back from the buffers to memory.
• The device controllers use an interrupt to inform the CPU that I/O operation is completed.
Bootstrap Program
• A bootstrap program is the first code that is executed when the computer system is
started. The entire operating system depends on the bootstrap program to work
correctly as it loads the operating system.
• The bootstrap program is a part of ROM which is the non-volatile memory. The
operating system is loaded into the RAM by the bootstrap program after the start
of the computer system. Then the operating system starts the device drivers.
• The bootstrapping process does not require any outside input to start. Any
software can be loaded as required by the operating system rather than loading all
the software automatically
Bootstrapping process
Benefits of Bootstrapping
• Without bootstrapping, the computer user would have to download all the
software components, including the ones not frequently required.
• With bootstrapping, only those software components need to be
downloaded that are legitimately required and all extraneous components
are not required. This process frees up a lot of space in the memory and
consequently saves a lot of time.
Computer Organization
• Control Unit –A control unit (CU) handles all processor control signals. It directs all input and
output flow, fetches the code for instructions and controlling how data moves around the system.
• it fetches, decodes and executes instructions
• it issues control signals that control hardware components within the CPU
• it transfers data and instructions around the system

• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) –The arithmetic logic unit is that part of the CPU that
handles all the calculations the CPU may need, e.g. Addition, Subtraction, Comparisons. It
performs Logical Operations and Arithmetic Operation.
Registers

• Registers are small amounts of high-speed memory contained within the


CPU. They are used by the processor to store small amounts of data that
are needed during processing, such as:
• the address of the next instruction to be executed
• the current instruction
• the results of calculations
1. Accumulator: Stores the results of calculations made by ALU.
2. Program Counter (PC): A program counter is a register in a computer
processor that contains the address (location) of the instruction
being executed at the current time.
3. Memory Address Register (MAR): It stores the memory locations of
instructions that need to be fetched from memory or stored into memory.
4. Memory Data Register (MDR): It stores instructions fetched from memory
or any data that is to be transferred to, and stored in, memory.
5. Instruction Register (IR): It stores the most recently fetched instructions
while it is waiting to be coded and executed.
• Input/Output Devices – Program or data is read into main memory from
the input device or secondary storage under the control of CPU input
instruction. Output devices are used to output the information from a
computer.
BUSES
• Buses – Data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another, connecting
all major internal components to the CPU and memory, by the means of Buses.
Types:
• Data Bus: It carries data among the memory unit, the I/O devices, and the processor. It is
bidirectional
• Address Bus: It carries the address of data (not the actual data) between memory and
processor. It is unidirectional
• Control Bus: It carries control commands from the CPU (and status signals from other
devices) in order to control and coordinate all the activities within the computer. It is
unidirectional

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