The Angiosperms

(Flowering Plants)
Introduction
• Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants. Their
reproductive structures are flowers in which the ovules are
enclosed in an ovary.
• Angiosperms are found in almost every habitat from forests
and grasslands to sea margins and deserts.
• Angiosperms display a huge variety of life forms including trees,
herbs, sherbs, submerged aquatics, bulbs and epiphytes.
• The largest plant families are Orchids, and Composite (daisies)
and Legumes (beans).
• There are an estimated 352,000 species of flowering plants
or angiosperms
 Distribution
• Plants of Angiosperm Families are distributed mostly in
temperate and tropical region
These are as following:
1. Temperate Region
The temperature in this region is generally relatively moderate,
rather than extremely hot and cold and the changes b/w summer
and winter are also usually moderate.
2. Tropical Region
The zone of earth, where all the 12 months have mean
temperature not above 18C.
Distinguishing Characters
Plants of this family are as follows:
1. Herbs
These are usually relatively small and have comparatively soft
stem.
Example: chenopodium alba
2. Shrubs
• These are perennial woody plants which are longer then herbs
but much smaller than tree.
• Their stem usually branch at or near the ground and the
branches increases in length and girth so that there is no
apparent main stem or trunk.
• Example: Jasmine or Rose
 Distinguishing Characters
3. Tree
These are tall woody perennial plants possessing a main trunk
from which Branches are given off.
Example: mango
4. Root
Root is fibrous, taproot that is much branched and nodulated.
These nodules provide a site for nitrogen fixing bacteria.
5. Leaves
They are alternate, opposite, simple or compound,
exstipulate and stipulate.
6. Stem
Stem is erect, herbaceous or woody, often tendrile, climber.
 Annual, Biennials, Perennials
The flowering plants are classified into annual,
biennial and perennials according to their life span.
1. Annuals
• These live for only single growing season, after which
they die. They produce seeds which own germination
developed into new plants, the next year. Most
herbaceous plants are annual.
Example: Poppy, Tomato, Wheat, Rice
 2. Biennials
These for two growing season, during first season
they develop leaves on short stem and store up
food in their taproot.
The leave die away at the end of the season.
During the following season, the stored food is
utilized for the production of flowers and fruits,
after which the plant die.
Example Carrot, Onion, Cabbage
3. Perennials
These live for several years and usually
produce seeds annually. All the woody plants and
some herbs are perennial.
Example Broccoli, Mint, Banana
Inflorescence
The arrangement of flower is called as
Inflorescence.
The family can be racemose and sometimes
cyamose.
1. Racemose Inflorescence
The main axis does not terminate into a
flower and continue to grow and form
flowers laterally.
2. Cyamose Inflorescence
The main axis and the branches end in the
flower.
Inflorescence
 TERMS Relating to Flowering Plants

1. Hypogynous -- In Hypogynous thalamus is

convex, gynoecium develops at the top and other
parts are below it.
2. Epigynous -- Thalamus is concave, gynoecium
develops at bottom and other parts are above it.
3. Perigynous -- Thalamus is flat, ovary and
stamen are at the same level.
4. Calyx -- The sepals of the flower.
5. Corolla -- The petals of the flower.
6. Androecium -- Stamens in a flower are
collectively called as Androecium.
7. Diadelphous – Stamens united by filaments
into two groups.
8. Gynoecium – The female part of the flower,
consisting of one or more carpals.
9. Zygomorphic – Irregular bisect into similar
halves in one plane forming mirror images.
10. Actinomorphic – Regular, they can bisect into
similar halves in more than one plane forming
mirror images.
Parts of Flower
 Families
Following are the families of Flowering
Plants that will be under discussion:
1.Leguminosae(Senna,Accacia,Tragacant
h,Glycyrrhiza, Tamarind,Cassia pods)
2. Umbellifera (Fennel, Coriander,
Caraway, Asafoetida,Conium)
3. Labiatae (Thyme,Ocimum
basilicum,Peppermint,Spearment,Salvi
a)
4. Ranunculaceae(Aconitum
nepallus,Delphinium Ajacis,Anemone
pulsatilla,Hydrastus)
5. Apocynaceae(Strophanthus,
Rauwolfia)
6. Solanaceae(Atropa belladonna, Datura
stramonium, Hyoscymus
niger,Capsicum)
7. 7. Papaveraceae
(Papaversomniferum, Sangunaria)
8. Scrophulariaceae (Digitalis perpurea, Mullin
leaves)
9. Liliaceae (Alium sativum, Colchicum leuteum,
Aloe, Sarsaprilla, Squill)
10. Zingiberaceae (Zingiber, Curcuma,Cardamom)
11. Compositae (Silybum, Echainaceae)
12. Asclepiadaceae (Gynema sylvestre, Calotropis
gigantean)
1. Leguminosae

It is the second largest family of flowering plants

containing about 600 genera and 12000 species.
• Distribution
Plants of this family have worldwide distribution
found under various types of soil and climatic
conditions but most abundantly found in
temperate and topical zone.
• Distinguishing characters
Plant of this family are herbs, shrubs and
sometimes tree.
Root
Root is fibrous, taproot, which is much branched
and nodulated. These nodules provide a site for nitrogen-
fixing bacteria.
Leaf
Leaves are alternate, simple or compound and
stipulate.
Stem
Erect, herbaceous or woody, often tendrile climber
Inflorescence

Sometimes racemose and sometimes cyamose

• Flower
Complete
Hermaphrodite
Zygomorphic
Sometimes Actinomorphic
Hypogynous
Floral Formula

Calyx 5 Sepals free

Corolla 5 Petals free
• Androecium Stamens 4-10 free or united in-group.
• Diadelphous: Stamens united by filament into two
groups.
• Gynoecium Monocarpellary with marginal
placentation. Ovary is superior.
• Fruit
Legume
• Seed
Non-endospermic
Histological Characters

• Simple perforation in vessels

• Terminal sacs or cells are quite common
• Paracytic type of stomata is present
 Medicinal Plants

Senna
• Botanical Origin Cassia senna OR Cassia agustifolia
• Part Use Dried Leaves
• Constituents Anthraquinone glycosides, Senoside A,
Senoside B and a mixture of combined glucose to form dimeric
glycoside Kaempferol and its glycoside ,mucilage ,resin,calcium
oxalate.
• Uses Laxative and purgative especially in habitual
constipation.
2. Acacia

• Botanical Origin Acacia senegal

Acacia arabica
• Part Use Dried Gummy exudation from stem
• Constituents Glycosidal acids, Arabin (main
constituent), calcium, potassium and magnesium salts
of Arabic acid, ash and water.
• Uses Demulcent, suspending agent,
emulsifying agent, in confectionaries and dairy products
Textiles, pastes and polish industry.
 3. Tragacanth

Botanical Origin Astragalus gummifer

Part Use Dried Gummy stem
Constituents Tragacanthin (main constituent) water-
soluble part, bassorin (water insoluble part).
These both are insoluble in alcohol. Some sugar and uronic
acid urate.
Uses Demulcent, Suspending agent, Binding
agent for tablet. Emulsifying agent, also used in
confectionaries
4. Glycyrrhiza

Botanical Origin Glycyrrhiza glabra

Part Use Dried root and rhizome
Constituents Glycyrrhizin, potassium, Calcium salt of
glycyrrhizin acid, liquiritic acid, flavonoids
(Coloring compound) gives yellow color, Polysaccharides
(glucose, sucrose),
Glycyramarin (bitter tonic).
Uses Demulcent, laxative, expectorant,
flavoring agent, peptic ulcer (mucosal protectant)
 5. Cassia pods

Botanical Origin Cassia fistula

Part Use Dried Ripened fruit
Constituents Senoside A and B, Their derivatives Rhein
and Senosides, Mucilage and proteins, Volatile oil, Sugar.
Use Laxative, purgative and cathartic.
 6. Tamarind

Botanical Origin Tamarindus indica

Part Use Dried fruit
Constituents Contains organic acid as tartaric acid,
Citric acid, Maleic acid, potassium tartrate and other salts
30-40% Invert sugars and small amount of nicotinic acid.
Uses Laxative and source of tartaric acid.
 2. Umbelliferae
This family contains 275 genera and 2850 species.
• Distribution
Plants of this family are distributed in temperate and
tropical region.
• Distinguishing Characters
Plants of this family are annual, biennial, perennial; herbs
with furrowed fistular (hollow stem) stem having
swallowed nodules.
• Inflorescence
Is simple or Compound Umbel
 Distinguishing Characters
• Flower
Pedicylate
Hermaphrodite
Actinomorphic
Epigynous
Pentamerous
• Calyx 5 Sepals free
• Corolla 5 Petals free
• Androecium Stamens, Alternate with petals, Polyandrous
(free 5 stamens)
• Gynoecium Bicarpillarysyncarpous with axial placentation,
ovary is inferior.
 Distinguishing Characters
• Floral Formula

• Fruit
Fruit is cremocarp which is split into 2 mericarp, united by
carpophores. Each mericarp contains one seed.
• Seed Endospermic
 Histological Characters
1. Collenchyma in stem and fruit
2. Glandular hairs are absent
3. Non Glandular hairs are present
4. Ca+ oxalate crystals are rosette or sometimes prism shape
5. Pith of stem is disappeared, it therefore becomes fistular.
6. Oleoresin (resin + volatile oil) canal is present in cortex
and root. These are also present in mericarp of fruit where
they are called as Vittae.
 1. Fennel

Botanical Origin Foeniculum vulgare

Part Use Dried ripened fruit
Constituents 1-4% volatile oil chief constituent of which
is Phenolic ether, Anethole, Fenchone.
Uses Stimulant, Carminative, and Flavoring
agent.
 2. Coriander

Botanical Origin Coriandrum sativum

Part Use Dried ripened fruit
Constituents 1-8% Volatile oil containing corianderol
70%, alpha and gamma terpene, hydrocarbons 20%, Fats,
proteins, alcohols ,esters
Uses Carminative and Flavoring agent for curries.
 3. Caraway

Botanical Origin Carum curvi

Part Use Dried ripened fruit
Constituents 3-7% Volatile oil contains ketone Carvone,
Dihydrocarvone, Carveol,
Dihydrocarveol, Terpene , Limonene, fixed oil, resin,
proteins, coloring matter
Uses Aromatic Carminative, Flavoring agent. Fruit is
also used as culinary purpose (as condiment).
 4. Asafoetida

Botanical Origin Ferula foetida

Ferula asafoetida
Part Use Dried roots and rhizome
Constituents Volatile oil mainly containing isobutyl
propyl disulfide (responsible for bad smell)
Resins, Gums, some proteins.
Uses Carminative, Expectorant, and Antispasmodics.
 5. Conium

Botanical Origin Conium maculatum

Pat Use fully grown but unripened fruit
Constituents Alkaloid Coniine
Uses Motor depressant in tetanus and
Convulsions.
 3. Labiatae
This family contains about 200 genera and 3300 species.
• Distribution
Plants of this family are well distributed in Mediterranean
areas and Britain areas.
• Distinguishing Characters
Plants are annual, perennial herbs and under shrubs.
• Stem ascending quadrangular hairy and often grayish
brown in color
• Leaves Opposite, ovate and oblong (twice long as broad)
greyish green in color
 Verticillaster
Inflorescence
A cyamose inflorescence arrange in pairs at the
nodes in the manner of false whorl (look like
whorl).
• Flower
Pedicilate
Hermaphrodite
Zygomorphic
Hypogynous
Pentamerous
 Distinguishing Characters
• Calyx Sepals 5 gamosepalous
• Corolla Petals 5 gamopetalous bilabite (petals have 2 lobe)
• Androecium 4 Stamens (2 long stamen, 2 shorter, arranged
in the form of whorl), Diadenymous, Polyandrous,
Epipetalous.
• Gynoecium Bicarpillary, Syncarpous, Ovary is superior,
Axial placentation.
• Floral Formula
• Fruit Nut
• Seed Non- Endospermic
Histological Characters

1. Leaves and other areas contains glandular hair

2. Non glandular hair are also present
3. Collenchyma present in the angle of stem.
 1.Thyme

Botanical Origin Thymus vulgaris

Part Use Dried leaves and Flowering tops.
Constituents 1% volatile oil containing phenols like
carbacrol,carberol, Thymol, P-cyamol. Others include
Pinene, cymene, tannins.
Uses Carminative, Antifungal, Antiseptic, Antitussive
and Expectorant. Flavoring agent in fish
 2. Ocmium basilicum

Part Use Dried leaves and flowering tops

Constituents Volatile oil containing Thymole, Pinene,
Acymene.
Uses Carminative diuretic useful in other
urinary disorder.
Leave juice is applied to treat various Skin diseases.
Stimulant
3. Peppermint

Botanical Origin Mentha piperita/ Mentha aquatica

Part Use Dried leaves and flowering tops
Constituents Volatile oil containing menthol,
menthone, tannin, resin.
Uses Carminative, and flavoring agent.
 4. Spearmint

Botanical origin Mentha spicata

Mentha vividis
Part Use Dried leaves and flowering tops
Constituents 0.5% Volatile oil containing Carvone,
limonene, tannins and resins.
Uses Carminative and flavoring agent
 4. Ranunculaceae

This family contains 59 genera and 1900 species

• Distribution
Plants of this family are predominate in temperate region
and colder regions of the Globe. Many plants are found at
high altitude of Himalaya.
• Distinguishing Characters
Plants are annual and perennial herbs and few are climbing
shrubs. (Many plants of this family are poisonous)MCQ
• Leaves Are simple, compound ex-stipulate
• Stem Green herbaceous and cylindrical.
Inflorescence Mostly Cyamose and in some cases racemose
are solitary.
 Distinguishing Characters
• Flower
Pedicilate
Hermaphrodite
Actinomorphic
Rarely Zygomorphic or Irregular Inflorescence
Hypogynous
Pentamerous
• Calyx Sepals 5
• Corolla Petals 5.
• (Each has pocket like nectary at the base.) MCQ
• Androecium Stamens are few or numerous in number.
 Floral Formula
• Gynoecium Carpals are few or numerous in number.
• Fruit Berry
• Seed Endospermic
• Histological Characters
1. Stem transverse section shows 1 or more layer of dark
suberized cells.
2. Stem is star shaped.
3. Xylem either v-shaped or U-shaped.
4. Ca+ oxalate crystals and fibers are present.
 Medicinal Plants

Botanical origin Aconitum napellus

Aconitum heterophyllus

• Part Use Dried root

• Constituents Terpene ester alkaloid principle of which is
Aconitine, others are Mesaconitine, Hypaconitine,
Neopelline, Neoline. Nepalline
• Uses Local analgesic in tinctures and liniments, Sedative,
anodyne, antipyretic, Use externally in acute or chronic
• Rheumatism and Gout, It also has a cardiac depression
action.
 2. Larkspur

Botanical origin Delphinium ajacis

Part Use Dried ripened seeds and roots
Constituents Contains alcohol soluble alkaloid such as delphinine,
ajacinine, ajacine
Uses (Antidote against snake poisons),
a medicine taken or given to counteract/reduce a particular poison.
Cardiac tonic, Roots are chewed to cure tooth ache, Delphinium
preparations are used in liver diseases and paralysis. Anodyne,
analgesic in tincture.
 3. Pulsatilla

• Botanical origin Anemone pulsatilla / obtusiloba

• Part use Dried herbs
• Constituents Volatile oil containing anemonol.
• Uses Oil has irritant effect on skin and is used in
Rheumatism and remove scars, Seeds are given orally to
cause purgation and vomiting. Also used in amnuria and
many other female complaints.
 4. Hydrastis (Golden Seel Root)

Botanical origin Hydrastis canadensis

Part Use Dried roots, rhizome and leaves.
Constituents Contains many alkaloids like hydrastine, berberine and
canadine.
Uses Leaves and roots are used to check uterine hemorrhages,
Tonic for old people, Prevent inflammation of uterus and vagina. It is
locally applied in the treatment of genito-urinary tract infections
5. Apocynaceae

This family contains 250 genera and 2000 species.

• Distribution
They are distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions.
• Distinguishing Characters
Plants of this family are herbs and shrubs and woody climber.
• Stem Is herbaceous and woody climber.
• Leaves Alternate, whorl and ex-stipulate and (often have
latex.)MCQ
• Inflorescence
Inflorescence is cyamose
Distinguishing Characters
• Flower
Complete
Hermaphrodite
Actinomorphic
Hypogynous
Pentamerous
• Calyx Sepals 5 gamosepalous
• Corolla Petals 5 gamopetalous
• Androecium 4-5 stamens, epipetalous, polyandrous.
• Gynoecium Bicarpillarysyncarpous, Axial placentation,
ovary is superior.
1. Strophanthus

Botanical origin Strophanthus kombe/ Strophanthus

hispidus
Part Use Dried seeds
Constituents Contains cardio active glycosides,
Strophanthin along Trisaccharides, resins and fixed oil.
Uses Cardiac stimulant and diuretic.
 2. Rauwolfia

Botanical origin Rauwolfia serpentina

Part Use Dried roots and rhizomes
Constituents Contains about 30 alkaloids important of which are
reserpine, ajmaline, rauwolfine,
Serpentine and also small amount of phytosterol fatty acid,
unsaturated Alcohols and sugar is present.
Uses In treatment of hypertension, Have depressant effect on CNS,
Ajmaline is used in cardiac
Arrhythmias, also used in certain neurophsycortic disorder.
 Catharanthus
*(Catha-ran-thus)

Botanical origin: Catharanthus roseus

Vinca roseus
Part used: Whole dried plant
Constituents: Vincristine, Vinblastine
Uses: Vinblastine use in Hodgkin disease (cancer),
lymphocytic lymphoma, Breast cancer
Vincristine use in Hodgkin disease, lymphocytic leukemia, Wilm’s tumor
(cancer of kidney that typically occurs in children) and lymphosarcoma.
 Solanaceae
• 90 genera, 2000 species
• Distribution
• Temperate and tropical region
• Distinguishing characters
• Plant; herbs, shrubs and small tree
• Stem; erect and herbaceous
• Leaves; simple, alternate and extipulate
• Inflorescence is cymose
Distinguishing Characters
• Flower
Pedicilate
Hermaphrodite
Actinomorphic
Sometimes Zygomorphic
Hypogynous
Pentamerous
Distinguishing Characters
• Calyx Sepals 5 gamosepalous
• Corolla Petals 5 gamopetalous
• Androecium Stamens 5, Polyandrous, Epipetalous.
• Gynoecium Bicarpillarysynncarpous, Axial
placentation, Ovary is superior/oblique
• Fruit Capsule and Berry
• Seed Endospermic
Floral Formula
 Histological Characters
1. Isolated Sclerenchyma fiber present in
pericycle.
2. Stomata on both surface that are of anisocytic
type
3. Both glandular and non-glandular hair are
present
4. Ca+ oxalate crystals in rosette, prism shape are
aggregate.
 1. Belladonna

Botanical origin Atropa belladonna

Part Use Dried roots and leaves
Constituents Contains tropane alkaloid like atropine, hyoscymine,
hyoscine, ash and Ca+ oxalate Crystals.
Uses These alkaloids have anticholinergic property and are used
to control excess motor
Activity of GIT and spasm of urinary tract,
Mydriatic, CNS depressant. Plaster used in
rheumatism.
2. Hyoscyamus (Henban)

Botanical origin Hyoscyamus niger

Part use Dried leaves and flowering tops
Constituents Contains tropine alkaloid
mainly hyoscymine, scopolamine, acid
insoluble ash.
UsesAntispasmodic, Anodyne Mydriatic.
4. Stramonium (Thorn apple)

Botanical origin Datura stramonium

Part Use Dried leaves
Constituents Contains tropane alkaloid
mainly hyoscymine, hyoscine (scopolamine),
but traces Of atropine are also present.
Uses Antispasmodic, Anodyne.
 3. Capsicum (red chilli)

Botanical origin Capsicum annum

Part Use Dried ripened fruit
Constituents Capsaicin (main
constituent), dihydrocapsaicin Phenolic bitter
principle, ascorbic Acid, Fixed oil, ash,
coloring matter.
Uses Powerful irritant and stimulant,
Rubefaciant, Carminative, condiment,Given
internally in Dyspepsia
7. Papaveraceae
This is the family of about 42 genera and 650
species.
• Distribution
Plant of this family are well distributed in
temperate region of both hemisphere of globe.
• Distinguishing Characters
Plants are annual or perennial herbs (containing
a milky juice latex that is white in some species)
MCQ, while in other species it is brightly colored
like yellow pinkish or red.
• Inflorescence
Is solitary
Distinguishing Characters
Flower
Pedicilate
Hermaphrodite
Zygomorphic
Di or Trimerous
Hypogynous
Calyx Sepals are typically 2 or sometimes 3.
Corolla Petals 4-6
Distinguishing Characters

Androecium Stamens are indefinite. Anther is

biocular.
Gynoecium Consists of a compound pistil of 2 or
100 carpals, Syncarpous, polycarpelary syncarpous.
Ovary is superior and uniocular.
Distinguishing Characters

Floral Formula
Histological Characters
1. Non-glandular hair are present.
2. Stomata in only lower epidermis.
3. Simple perforations in vessels
4. Wood parenchyma is present
5. Ca+ oxalate crystals are absent.
 1. Opium Poppy
(poppy plant)

Botanical origin Papaver somniferum

Two verities: Papaver nigrum (black poppy)
Papaver album (White Poppy)
Part Use Latex obtained from fully grown but
unripened capsule.
1. Opium Poppy (poppy plant)

Constituents This plant contains about 30

alkaloid which are largely combined with organic
acid
Imp alkaloids are Morphine, Codeine, Papaverine,
and Noscapine. Thebaine
Uses Opium act as CN depressant, Analgesic and
narcotic, Codeine is used in diabetes before giving
insulin.
2. Sanguinaria
(Blood root or Red root)

Botanical origin Sanguinaria canadensis

Part Use Dried roots and rhizome
Constituents isoquinoline, alkaloid like sanguinarine,
chelerythrin, allocryptopine, protopine, Sanguilutine,
dihydrosanguilutine
red resins, starch, citric acid and Maleic acid.
Uses Stimulant, Expectorant, Emetic, and may cause
doubling of chromosomes (polyploidy) MCQ.
8. Scrophulariaceae
This is the family of about 220 genera and 3000
species.
Distribution
Plants of this family are widely distributed in
temperate region.
Distinguishing Characters
Plants are annual, perennial herbs, under shrubs
and sometimes small tree.
Flowers are quite different; petals are joint to form
two lips with two lobes in upper lip and three lobes
in lower lip. The flower has 2-5 stamens.
Inflorescence
Is cyamose and racemose
Flower
Pedicilate
Zygomorphic
Hermaphrodite
Hypogynous
Pentamerous
Calyx Sepals 5 gamosepalous
Corolla Petals 5 gamopealous
Androecium Stamens 4, polyandrous, Epipetalous.
Gynoecium Bicarpillarysyncarpous with axial
placentation, ovary is superior. Biocular
Fruit Berry or capsule
Seed Endospermic
Histological Characters
1. Unicellular or multicellular branched, non-
glandular hair are present.
2. Prism or rosette shape of Ca+ oxalate crystals are
present.
3. Anisocytic type of stomata are present.
4. No intra xylary phloem.
1.Digitalis (Foxglove)

Botanical Origin Digitalis purpurea/ Digitalis lanata

Part Use Dried leaves
Constituents Leaves contains a number of
cardio active glycoside important of which are
digitoxin, Gitoxin, Digoxin. Gitalin.
Uses Cardiac tonic, Cardiac stimulant,
Diuretic, used as stimulant of vagus centre.
 2. Mullein leaves

Botanical origin Verbascum thapus

Part use Dried leaves and flower
Constituents Leaves and flowers yield yellow
color oil, fixed oil, tannins, and lignin.
Uses Demulcent, antiseptic, anodyne, diuretic.
Arthritis. Traditionaly it is use in management of
respiratory problemsl like asthma, cough and TB.
Also used in the treatment of burns ,bruises,
hemorrhoids and gout.
9. Liliaceae

This family contains about 250 genera and 3700

species.
• Distribution
Plants of this family are well distributed all over the
world particularly in temperate region.
• Distinguishing Characters
Plants of this family are perennial herbs mostly with
rhizome and bulb.
• Stem is herbaceous, rhizome or bulb with adventitious
root.
• Inflorescence
Racemose or umbel
Flower
Complete bisexual
Hermaphrodite
Hypogynous
Actinomorphic
Trimerous
Parienth, 6 leaves in two whorls
Androecium Stamen are six, sometimes epiphyllous
Gynoecium Tricarpellary, Syncarpous with numerous ovules
attached to axial placentation. Ovary is Superior or semi inferior.
Fruit Capsule or berry
Seed Endospermic
 1. Allium (Garlic)

Botanical origin Allium sativum

Part Use Fresh or dehydrated bulb
Constituents Alkaloids, Steroids, Quinones.
Uses Carminative, Expectorant, Diuretic,
Ingestion of garlic causes lowering BP, lowering
blood Sugar, lowering of blood lipid.
 2. Colchicum

Botanical origin Colchicum luteum/ Colchicum autumnale

Part Use Dried seeds and corn
Constituents Colchicine alkaloid, resins, fixed oil, starch.
Uses Used to treat gout and rheumatism, (Colchicum is
used to induce polyploidy in tissue culture)
at high doses it cause cause vomitting,nausea ,diarrhea. It also
has anti-leukemia properties.
 3. Aloe

Botanical origin Aloe barbadensis/ Aloe perryi/ Aloe vera

Aloe ferox
• Part Use Exudate obtained from fresh leaves and bulb
• Constituents Aloe contains a number of anthraquinone
glycosides. Principle of which are Barbaloin
• isobarbaloin Aloin and resins.
• Uses Purgative in larger doses, extract is applied in
treatment of skin burn and other irritations of Skin.
4. Sarsaparilla

Botanical origin Smilax regelii / Smilax febrifuga

Part Use Dried roots and rhizome
Constituents Crystalline saponin glycosides like
sarsasaponin, smilacin, smilagenin, sarsasapogenin, parillin,
starch, resins, volatile oil, Ca+ oxalate.
Uses Applied in treatment of syphilis and
rheumatism, Demulcent.
5. Squill(Wild onion)

Botanical origin Urginea indica/ Urginea maritima

Part Use Dried fleshy inner scale of bulbs.
Constituents Contains crystalline cardiac glycosides,
Scillaren A and Scillaren B, cinistrin, Ca+ oxalate crystals,
traces of volatile oil.
Uses Expectorant, Mild gastric irritant, diuretic, vomiting
in larger doses and in used in treatment of heart failure.
10. Zingiberaceae

This family is of about 49 genera and 1300 species.

• Distribution
These are distributed well in tropical region.
• Distinguishing Characters
Plants of this family are perennial aromatic herbs with fleshy
rhizome and tuberous root.
Stem is herbaceous with an underground rhizome.
• Inflorescence
Is Cyamose
 Distinguishing Characters
• Flower
Hermaphrodite
Zygomorphic
Parienth, 6 members
Trimerous
Bisexual
• Androecium Two of the stamens are modified as petaloide,
labellum contains six stamens but only one is functioning.
• Gynoecium Tricarpellary syncarpous, Triocular ovary inferior
and axial placentation
• Fruit Capsule
• Seed Perisperm
Medicinal Plants

1. Botanical origin Zingiber officinale

Part Use Dried rhizome
Constituents Zingiberene, zingiberole, oleoresins,
starch, (shugaol, and zingiberon)
which of the following compounds are responsible for the
pungency of Ginger
Uses Carminative, Condiment, Flavoring agent, Anti-
emetics. Aromatic stimulant
2. Curcuma / Turmeric

Botanical origin Curcuma longa

Part Use Dried rhizome
Constituents Curcuminoids, volatile oils (sesquiterpenes,
chief of which are zingiberene, sesquiterpene alcohol,
ketones), (Curcumin (Coloring agent)) MCQ,
Arabinose, Fructose, Glucose and starch, Terpenes,
Monoterpene.
Uses Condiment, Coloring agent, Flavoring agent.
Stimulant, Carminative.
3. Cardamom

Botanical Origin
Elettaria cadamomum
Part Used Dried fruit
Constituents volatile oil containing barneol, limonene.
Fixed oil. Starch. Calcium oxalate
Uses Flavoring agent. Carminative. Condiment.
11. Asteraceae (Compositae)

This family is of about 1500 Species.

• Distinguishing Characters
 Plants are annual and perennial both predominantly
herbs, some shrubs or under shrubs, few are woody climber,
rarely middle-sized trees.
 Mostly a much branched tap root and tuberous
adventitious root.
 Stem is aerial, underground and tuberous
 Leaf is ex-stipulate, opposite, sessile and alternate.
Distinguishing Characters

• Flower
• Zygomorphic
• Unisexual
• Actinomorphic
• Epigynous
• Calyx The calyx is often modified into a cluster of hair called as
pappus.
• Corolla Petals 5 gamopetalous
• Androecium The five stamens are epipetalous. The filaments are
free but the anthers are united (syngenesious)
• Gynoecium The carpals are two, Syncarpous, ovary inferior.
Silybum

Botanical origin: Silybum marianum

Part used: fruits and seeds
Constituents: silybin, silymarin
Uses:- Antihepatotoxic, Antitoxic, cytoprotective
activity
Echinaceae

Botanical origin: Echinaceae angustifolia

Part used: root, rhizome, aerial part
Constituents: Alkaloids, caffeic acid, vanillin.
Uses: syphilis, respiratory tract infection.
Artemisia

Botanical origin: Artemisia absinthium

Part used: Aerial part
Constituents: essential oil, Artabsin, Absinthin
Uses: Increase salivary and gastric secretion.
12. Asclepiadaceae

This family consists of about 350 species.

• Distinguishing Characters
This family includes perennial herbs, shrubs. Some are
epiphytes.
Usually a branched tap root that grows very deeply, and
adventitious root.
Stem is aerial, erect, weak and climbing.
Leaf ex-stipulate, sessile, opposite, alternate.
• Inflorescence
Umbel cymes
•Flowers
Bracteate
Pediculate
Complete
Actinomorphic
Zygomorphic
Hypogynous
Pentamerous
Calyx Five, free sometimes fused.
Corolla 5 gamopetalous
Androecium five usually epipetalous, free filaments
bear anthers.
Gynoecium Bicarpillary, Apocarpous, the ovaries
and styles are separate except for the stigmas.
Seed Endospermic
•Gynema sylvestre

Botanical origin : Gynema sylvestre

Part use: whole herb
• Constituents:-
gynemasides, gynemasaponins, flavones, resins
• Uses: stomachic, astringent, diuretic.
•Calotropis gigantean
Botanical origin : Calotropis gigantean
Part use: Latex
Constituents: Calotropain, calotropsin, ascorbic
acid.
Uses:-As purgatives, in scabies, anthelminths