Department of Electrical Electronics and

Communication Engineering
Course Code: BECE2010 Course Name: Digital
Electronics

1. Number Systems
 Index
• Different number systems
• Why use different ones?
• Decimal/Binary / Octal / Hexadecimal
• Conversions
 Common Number Systems
• Stone Age: knots, some stone marks
• Roman Empire: more systematic notation I,
II, III, IV, V, VI, VII.VIII, IX, X, C=100,
D=500, M=1000, L=50
• Concept of zero by
– Maya- I century, Hindu-V century
• Positional-value systems: decimal, binary,
octal, etc..
 Positional-Value System
• The value of a digit (“digit” from Latin
word for finger) depends on its position

Positional values 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
(weights) 10 10 10 10 10 10

5 6 7 . 9 1 4

MSD Decimal LSD

point
We will write ( 5 6 7. 9 1 4)
10
 Binary:
Base-2 Number System
5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 0 1 1 1 1 . 0 0 1

base point or radix

We write: ( 1 0 1 1 1 1 . 0 0 1 )2
Digits are called bits
 Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

pp. 40-46
 ( )2 ( )4 ( )8 ( )16
• To convert a binary number to a system
which is base-2z, group digits together by
z and convert each group separately
• 100111.1010 ---> ( )16

Converting from
binary base hex as
2 7 . A
an example of base
2Z
 Conversion of Any Base to
Decimal
Converting from ANY base to decimal is done by multiplying
each digit by its weight and summing.

Binary to Decimal
% 1011.11 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 + 1x2-1 + 1x2-2
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25
= 11.75

Hex to Decimal
$ A2F = 10x162 + 2x161 + 15x160
= 10 x 256 + 2 x 16 + 15 x 1
= 2560 + 32 + 15 = 2607
 Conversion ( ) I ( )10
• express number as a power series in I,
and add all terms using decimal addition

Converting from
base I to decimal
 Decimal-to-Radix-r
Conversions
• Radix-r-to-decimal conversions are easy
since we do arithmetic in decimal.
• However, decimal-to-radix-r conversions
using decimal arithmetic is harder.
• To do the latter conversion, we convert the
integer and fractional parts separately and
add the results afterwards.
 Convert ( ) 10 ( )r
• Integer part:
– Divide the number and all successive
quotients by r
– accumulate the remainders
• Fractional part:
– Multiply the number and successive fractions
by r
– accumulate the integers
 Conversion of Decimal Integer
To ANY Base
Divide Number N by base R until quotient is 0. Remainder at
EACH step is a digit in base R, from Least Significant digit to
Most significant digit.
Convert 53 to binary
53/2 = 26, rem = 1 Least Significant Digit
26/2 = 13, rem = 0
13/2 = 6 , rem = 1
6 /2 = 3, rem = 0
3/2 = 1, rem = 1
1/2 = 0, rem = 1 Most Significant Digit

53 = % 110101
= 1x25 + 1x24 + 0x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 1x20
= 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 53
 Decimal-to-Radix-r Conversions:
Integer Part
• Successively divide number by r, taking remainder as
result.
• Example: Convert 5710 to binary.
57 / 2 = 28 remainder 1 (LSB)
/2 = 14 remainder 0 Answer: 1110012
/2 = 7 remainder 0
/2 = 3 remainder 1
/2 = 1 remainder 1
/2 = 0 remainder 1 (MSB)
Decimal-to-Radix-r Conversions:
Fractional Part
• Successively multiply number by r, taking integer part as
result and chopping off integer part before next iteration.
• May be unending!
• Example: convert .310 to binary.

.3 * 2 = .6 integer part = 0

Answer = .01001
.6 * 2 = 1.2 integer part = 1
.2 * 2 = .4 integer part = 0
.4 * 2 = .8 integer part = 0
.8 * 2 = 1.6 integer part = 1
.6 * 2 = 1.2 integer part = 1, etc.
More
Conversion
methods for
common
radices
 Least Significant Digit
Most Significant Digit

53 = % 110101

Most Significant Digit Least Significant Digit

(has weight of 25 or (has weight of 20 or 1).
32). For base 2, also For base 2, also called
called Most Significant Least Significant Bit
Bit (MSB). Always (LSB). Always
LEFTMOST digit. RIGHTMOST digit.
 Binary Data in your life
The computer screen on your Win 98 PC can be configured for
different resolutions. One resolution is 600 x 800 x 8, which means
that you have 600 dots vertically x 800 dots horizontally, with each
dot using 8 bits to take on 256 different colors. (actually, a dot is
called a pixel).
Need 8 bits to represent 256 colors ( 28 = 256). Total number of
bits needed to represent the screen is then:
600 x 800 x 8 = 3,840,000 bits (or just under 4 Mbits)

Your video card must have at least this much memory on it.
1 Mbits = 1024 x 1024 = 210 x 210 = 220 .
1 Kbits = 1024 = 210.
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Next slide…
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 =
2
0 x 22 =
0
1 x 23 =
8
0 x 24 =
0
1 x 25 =
32
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant
bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
 Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
 Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
 Common Powers (1 of 2)
• Base 10
Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro  .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000
 Common Powers (2 of 2)
• Base 2
Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally applies
Example
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =
 Exercise – Free Space
• Determine the “free space” on all drives on
a machine in the lab
Free space
Drive Bytes GB

A:
C:
D:
E:
etc.
 Review – multiplying powers
• For common bases, add powers

ab  ac = ab+c

26  210 = 216 = 65,536

or…
26  210 = 64  210 = 64k
 Binary Addition (1 of 2)
• Two 1-bit values

A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”

pp. 36-38
 Binary Addition (2 of 2)
• Two n-bit values
– Add individual bits
– Propagate carries
– E.g.,

1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
 Multiplication (1 of 3)
• Decimal (just for fun)

35
x 105
175
000
35
3675

pp. 39
 Multiplication (2 of 3)
• Binary, two 1-bit values

A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
 Multiplication (3 of 3)
• Binary, two n-bit values
– As with decimal values
– E.g.,
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
 Fractions
• Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14

pp. 46-50
 Fractions
• Binary to decimal

10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625

1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

pp. 46-50
 Fractions
• Decimal to binary .14579
x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50
 Exercise – Convert ...

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
Thank you

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