Global Institute Of Management &

Technology (GIMT)

TOPIC : ERROR ANALYSIS

BY ARPITA BISWAS
DEPT : CSE,
YEAR : 3rd,
SEMESTER : 6th
REG NO. : 2590100110002 OF 2020-21
ROLL. NO. : 25900120014
SUBJECT : NUMERICAL METHODS
SUB CODE : OEC-IT 601A
 INTRODUCTION________________________03
TYPES OF ERROR______________________03
ABSOLUTE ERROR_____________________04

CONTENT : RELATIVE ERROR_____________________05

PERCENTAGE ERROR__________________06
PERCENTAGE ERROR__________________07
INHERENT ERROR_____________________07
REFERENCE__________________________08
THANK YOU__________________________08
 ERROR :
 INTRODUCTION:
Occurrence of error is unavoidable in the field of scientific computing. Instead, numerical analysts try to
investigate the possible and best ways to minimize the error. The study of the error and how to estimate and
minimize it are the fundamental issues in error analysis.
Error Analysis :
In numerical analysis we approximate the exact solution of the problem by using numerical method and
consequently an error is committed. The numerical error is the difference between the exact solution and the
approximate solution.
NUMERICAL ERROR : The error in a computed quantity is defined as Error = True Value - Approximate Value.

 TYPES OF ERROR :
The approximate representation of a real number obviously differs from the actual number, whose difference is
called an error.
(1) Absolute value of an error is called the ABSOLUTE ERROR.
(2) The RELATIVE ERROR is a measure of the error in relation to the size of the true value as given by
Relative Error “ Error True Value. Here, we assume that the true value is non-zero.
(3) The percentage error is defined as PERCENTAGE ERROR “ 100 ˆ |Relative Error|.
(4) Computers represent numbers in finite number of digits and hence some quantities cannot be represented
exactly. The error caused by replacing a number a by its closest machine number is called the ROUNDOFF
ERROR and the process is called correct rounding.
(5) TRUNCATION ERRORS also sometimes called chopping errors are occurred when chopping an infinite
number and replaced it by a finite number or by truncated a series after finite number of terms.
(6) When performing computations with algebraic operations among approximate numbers, we naturally carry
to some extent the errors of the original data into final result. Such errors are called INHERENT
ERROR/error of the operation.
 Absolute error is defined as the difference between the actual value and
the measured value of a quantity. The importance of absolute error
depends on the quantity that we are measuring. If the quantity is large such
as road distance, a small error in centimeters is negligible. While
measuring the length of a machine part an error in centimeter is
considerable. Though the errors in both cases are in centimeters, the error
in the second case is more important.

ABSOLUTE Absolute Error Formula :

ERROR : The absolute error is calculated by the subtraction of the actual value and
the measured value of a quantity. If the actual value is and the measured
value is , the absolute error is expressed as, =
Here, is the absolute error.

Absolute Error Example :

Here, we are giving an example of the absolute error in real life. Suppose,
we are measuring the length of an eraser. The actual length is 35 mm and
the measured length is 34.13 mm.
So, The Absolute Error = Actual Length - Measured Length
= (35 - 34.13) mm
= 0.87 mm
RELETIVE ERROR :
The relative error is defined as the ratio of the absolute error of the measurement to the actual
measurement. Using this method we can determine the magnitude of the absolute error in terms of the
actual size of the measurement. If the true measurement of the object is not known, then the relative error
can be found using the measured value. The relative error gives an indication of how good measurement is
relative to the size of the object being measured.
If | is the actual value of a quantity, is the measured value of the quantity and is the absolute error, then the
relative error can be measured using the below formula.
Relative error = = =
An important note that relative errors are dimensionless. When writing relative errors it is usual to multiply
the fractional error by 100 and express it as a percentage.
Find the relative errors. The actual value is 125.68 mm and the measured value is 119.66 mm.
Solution:
Absolute Error = |125.68 – 119.66| mm
= 6.02 mm
Relative Error = |125.68 – 119.66| / 125.68
= 0.0478
 Percent error or percentage error expresses as a percentage the difference between the
approximate value and exact values. It is also used in science to report the difference
between the measured or experimental value and the exact value.
Percent Error Calculation Steps:
Subtract one value from other values. Here the order does not matter. This value will
be the error value.
Divide the error by the theoretical value.
Convert the above decimal number into a percentage by multiplying it by 100. to get
PERCENTAGE the percentage error value.
Percentage Error X 100% = X 100%
ERROR : Example :
I thought 70 people would turn up to the concert organized. But on the day of the
performance, only 80 people came. Find out the percentage error in my calculation.

Solution:
First we will find the absolute difference as, i.e. 70 – 80 = 10
Then apply the formula,
Percentage Error=Absolute Difference Accepted Value×100
Percentage Error=1080×100
= 12.5 %
I was having error by 12.5%.
 Rounding error is the difference between a rounded-off numerical value
and the actual value. A rounded quantity is represented by a numeral with
a fixed number of allowed digits, with the last digit set to the value that
produces the smallest difference between the rounded quantity and the
actual quantity.
Rounding can produce a value that is easier to deal with than the actual
value, especially if the actual value contains a lot of digits. Rounding can
also be done to indicate the relative precision of a value. For example, the
irrational number pi equals approximately 3.14, rounded to
two decimal places or three significant digits.
ROUNDOFF Formula :

ERROR : ROUNDOFF ERROR = - | , Where a number the actual value of a

quantity, and
= the round-off number
Example :
Let , = 0.66667 and It’s round-off number is 0.667 .
Then the ROUNDOFF ERROR = | - |
=|
0.66667 – 0.667 |
=
0.00033
TRUNCATION ERRORS : INHERENT ERROR :
Truncation error results from ignoring all but a finite When performing computations with
number of terms of an infinite series. algebraic operations among approximate
numbers, we naturally carry to some extent
the errors of the original data into final
result. Such errors are called inherent
error/error of the operation.
For example, let x=0.3333 and y=3.1416 be two
approximate numbers for the exact number 1/3
and . Obviously, if we perform an algebraic
operation between these two approximate
numbers, the error will introduce in the final
result accordingly.
 REFERENCE :

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