This presentation covers

each of the integration

techniques you need to be
able to use
• Integrate by viewing integration as the reverse of differentiation.
• Use the formula sheet to integrate common trigonometric functions.
• Integrate expressions of the form f(ax+b)
• Integration by substitution
• Integration by parts
• Integration using trig identities
• Integrating rational functions (algebraic fractions) including the use of partial
fractions.
 Integration
Sometimes to integrate something, rather
that using “a rule” it’s best to think
backwards.

I.e. When integrating an expression, think

“what could I differentiate to get this
expression?”
 Example of reverse
differentiation
𝑑
We know that ( sin ⁡( 𝑥 ) )=cos ⁡( 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

So: sin ( 𝑥 )+ 𝑐

𝑑 1
We know that ( ln ⁡( 𝑥) )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

So: ln ( 𝑥 ) +𝑐
 sin(x) and cos(x)
• When we looked at differentiation we
used this list to help get the correct signs.
• You can also use this list backwards as
an aid for integration
Sin(x)
Cos(x)
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 -Sin(x) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
-Cos(x)
Sin(x)
 Using the formula sheet
When integrating with the formula sheet,
we need to use both standard integrals and
the standard derivatives section.
Example, find.
Any constant we can take outside of the integral.

4 ∫ cot ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
So looking at the
formula sheet we
have:
 Using the formula sheet
Examples

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
secxtanx does not appear on the list of integrals. However, on
the list of standard derivatives, we can see that

Hence, working backwards we can see that

 Using the formula sheet
Examples

∫ 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥2

on the list of standard derivatives, we can see that

working backwards
Example with simplifying

• Note:

• So,
Differentiate, we multiply
Integrate, we divide
𝑑
( 𝑥 𝑛 ) =𝑛𝑥 𝑛 − 1
𝑑𝑥

x n1
 x dx  n  1  C
n
( where n  1)

Often differentiation involves multiplication and

integration involves division. It’s useful to consider this
with functions with linear functions inside
 Differentiate, we multiply
Integrate, we divide
We’ve seen already a special case of the chain rule: If the
inside function is linear, when we differentiate we must
multiply by the coefficient of .
𝑑
( 𝑓 (𝑎𝑥+ 𝑏) )=¿ 𝑎 𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑥 +𝑏)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 5 𝑥 −6
(𝑒 ) =¿ 5𝑒
5 𝑥 −6
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
( sin ⁡( 3 𝑥 ) )=¿ 3 cos ⁡(3 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
( tan ⁡(6 − 𝑥 ) )=¿− 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 ( 6 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
 Differentiate, we multiply
Integrate, we divide
Thinking backwards, if I want to integrate a function of a linear
function, I’ll have to divide by the coefficient of

∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑑𝑥=¿
1
𝑓 ( 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏 ) + 𝑐
𝑎

∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥=¿
5𝑥 −6
5 𝑥−6 1
𝑒 +𝑐
5

∫ sin (3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=¿

1
− cos ( 3 𝑥 ) +𝑐
3

∫ tan⁡(6−𝑥 ¿)=¿¿−𝑙𝑛|sec ( 6 − 𝑥 )|+ 𝑐=𝑙𝑛|cos ( 6 − 𝑥 )|+ 𝑐

Integration by substitution
What if we want to integrate a non-linear function inside another
function?

In this case we need to make a substitution: replace the “inside

function” with u.
Example

Here we have inside a power of 12. so we should replace that with u

Now, we can’t integrate u with respect to x. we need someway to

replace dx with du. The method for this is to differentiate.
Integration by substitution
Differentiating, we get:

Now we can rearrange this with dx as the subject, so we can replace

dx in our integral

Replacing this, we get:

Integration by substitution

Notice we can cancel here

Now we have a very simple integral. That’s the power of

substitution: turn a hard integral into a simple one.

Lastly, we need to change our integral back into x’s.

Remember .

Hence
 Integration By Substitution
Definite integration
Example 2:

is “inside” the e to the power.

So this is our choice for u.

. Rearranging, we get .
Now we put our substitution in the integral. Ignoring the limits for the
moment.
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 ∙ sin ( 𝑥 )
𝑢
− sin ( 𝑥 )
=∫ −𝑒 𝑑𝑢
𝑢

However, we now have a problem. The limits were values for and we
Are now integrating with respect to u.
So we must change our limits into value for u also
 Integration By Substitution
Definite integration
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 ∙
𝑢
sin ( 𝑥 )
− sin ( 𝑥 )
=∫ −𝑒
𝑢
𝑑𝑢

Changing limits:
x u=cos(x)+1
2
1

Hence,

Alternative method: Instead of changing the limits, you can complete the integral
without limits, change the u’s back into x’s and then use the original limits
 Integration By Substitution

4) Simplify

Now we have got rid of all the x’s, we can finally

integrate. On harder questions, there may be additional
x’s left at this point that we need to get rid of.

Leave the answer as an exact value, unless the

question asks otherwise.
 Example 2
• With indefinite integrals, we have no
limits to worry about. Instead, we must
change the u’s back to x’s at the end of
the integration.

Clearly, is inside a bracket to the power of

3. so we should choose
 Example 2

Calling an integral “I” is often helpful, so we can refer to it

without writing the whole thing out again!
. Differentiating

Rearranging we get
Putting this into the integral, we have
 Example 2
Then we cancel

Now we have a problem, because we can’t integrate until we get rid of all of
the x’s, but we have canceled and we still have a sin(x). At this point we
return to our substitution:

So
Great! We can now replace the extra sin(x) in out integral.

Now lastly we need to get back our x’s

 Example 3
• If a substitution is required, but there is not obviously one function “inside”
another, the exam will tell you what substitution to use. Make sure you
use the suggested substitution, or you will have difficulty solving
the question!

• Example: use the substitution to find

• Solution: so .
• Rearranging gives:

• Now we can use a trig identity, to help us simplify.

• Recall that .
• Hence,
• Rewriting in terms of x, we have:
 Integration by parts
Integration by parts is a powerful method for integrating two
functions multiplied together. You will have seen the proof for the
formula in class. This rule is also given on the formula sheet.

It’s important to make the right choices for which function is .

However, if you make the wrong choice and the method doesn’t
work, you can always try it again the other way!

Tips for choosing

• First of all, must be a function that you know how to

integrate, since this method requires you to find
• 2nd . If you know how to integrate both functions, choose ,
so that will be simpler. Normally, this will be a power of x,
unless that contradicts with point 1!
 Integration by parts
∫ 𝑢𝑣′=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑢 𝑣 ′

∫ 𝑥sin(3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 We need to choose .

Step 1: we know how to integrate both sin(3x) and
x, so there’s no obvious choice here, so we move
to step 2.
Step 2: if I choose , then . this simplifies my
problem, because while I can’t integrate x times
something, I can integrate 1 times something!
Note that with the formula
we start with u and v’. v’ is
𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 ′=sin ⁡(3 𝑥) a term that has already
So: been differentiated. So to
1
𝑢 ′ =1 𝑣 =− cos ⁡( 3 𝑥 )
3
find u’, we differentiate and
to find v, we integrate.
Remember to divide
by any coefficient of
x when integrating
 Integration by parts
𝑢=𝑥 𝑣 ′=sin ⁡(3 𝑥)
1
𝑢 ′ =1 𝑣 =− cos ⁡( 3 𝑥 )
3
Now we simply substitute our choices into the
formula:

∫ 𝑢𝑣′=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑢 𝑣 ′
You need to be extra
careful with “-” signs here.
So: In this case it’s easier to
replace -- with a plus sign.

To complete the question, we just need to finish the integration

1 1
¿− 𝑥 cos ( 3 𝑥 ) + s∈ ( 3 𝑥 ) +𝑐
3 9
Once again, remember to divide by the coefficient of x.
Don’t forget +c for indefinite integrals!
Integration by parts example
2
We need to choose .

∫ 5𝑥 ln (6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3 Step 1: We don’t know how to integrate
. We need to pick . Since we’ve already made our
choice, don’t worry about step 2.

𝑢=ln ⁡(6 𝑥) 𝑣 ′ =5 𝑥
3

So: 5 4
1 𝑣= 𝑥
𝑢′= 4
𝑥

∫ 𝑢𝑣′=𝑢𝑣−5 ∫ 𝑢 𝑣 ′
5 3
Make sure you simplify the
powers of x’s here before
𝑠𝑜:∫ 5 𝑥 ln ( 6 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑥 ln ( 6 𝑥 ) −∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 4
integrating
4 4
5 4 5 4
( )
¿ 𝑥 ln 6 𝑥 − 𝑥 +𝑐
4 16
Integration by parts example
3
We need to choose .
𝑙𝑛 4
Step 1: we know how to integrate both and so
𝐼=∫ 𝑥 𝑒
2 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 there’s no obvious choice here, so we move to
0
step 2.
Step 2: if I choose , then . It simplifies the
2 3𝑥 problem, though note, we will need to use the by
𝑢= 𝑥 𝑣 ′ =𝑒 parts method twice.
So: 1 3𝑥 The vertical straight line is
𝑢 ′=2 𝑥 𝑣= 𝑒 standard notation for
3
definite integration with

∫ 𝑢𝑣′=𝑢𝑣−∫ 𝑢 𝑣 ′ integration by parts

|
𝑙𝑛4 2 𝑙𝑛 4
1 3 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 4 2
𝑠𝑜: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥= 𝑥 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
2 3𝑥 3𝑥

0 3 0 0 3

Here the integral left to do at the end still has

two functions multiplied together, so we need
to use by parts a 2nd time!
 Integration by parts example
3
|
𝑙𝑛4 2 𝑙𝑛 4
1 3 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 4 2
𝑠𝑜: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥= 𝑥 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
2 3𝑥 3𝑥

0 3 0 0 3
1
2 𝑙𝑛 4
2 Now we choose our
− ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑙𝑛 4 3𝑥
(𝑙𝑛 4) 𝑒 functions for a second
3 0 3
integration by parts. We’ve
2 3𝑥
𝑠= 𝑥 𝑡 ′ =𝑒 already used u and v. so
3 really we should pick two
So: 1 3𝑥
2 𝑡= 𝑒 other variables.
𝑠′= 3
3

∫ 𝑠𝑡′=𝑠𝑡−∫ 𝑠 𝑡 ′

|
𝑙𝑛 4
2 2 3 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 4
𝑙𝑛4
2 3𝑥 Now we can return to our integral I.
∫ 3
3𝑥
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥= 𝑥 𝑒
9 0
− ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 Be extra careful with – signs.
0 0 9

2 𝑙𝑛4
1 2
− ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑙𝑛4 3𝑥
𝐼 = (𝑙𝑛 4) 𝑒
3 0 3
 Integration by parts example
3 Substitute the integration
|0
𝑙𝑛 4 𝑙𝑛4
2 2 𝑙𝑛 4 2
∫ 3 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥= 𝑥 𝑒
9
3𝑥
−∫
9
3𝑥
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 by parts for the final
0 0 section into I. be careful
𝑙𝑛4
with – signs!
2
1 2
− ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑙𝑛4 3𝑥
𝐼 = (𝑙𝑛 4) 𝑒
3 0 3

( | )
2 𝑙𝑛4
1 2 3 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 4 2 3𝑥 Note that using the power rule
− ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑙𝑛4
𝐼 = (𝑙𝑛 4) 𝑒 − 𝑥𝑒
3 9 0 0 9 for logs,

Make sure you leave your final

64
2
128 ( ) 14 Answer as an exact value,
𝐼= ( 𝑙𝑛 4) − ln 4 + Unless asked for decimal places
3 9 3
 Trigonometric Identities
In some integration problems you may
need to use a trigonometric identity.

Examples:
 Trigonometric Identities
For these problems you must decide which
identity to use and then apply it to simplify
the integral.

Example:
 Trigonometric Identities
Example:

Identity:

So

Remember to divide by the coefficient of x when integrating

 Questions
a)

b)
 Solutions
a)
 Solutions
b)
 Trigonometric Identities
Example:

Identity:

2 2
𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 sin 𝐴+cos 𝐴=1
Rearranging: 1− cos ( 2 𝑥 ) 2
=sin 𝑥
2

1 1 1
𝐼= ∫ 1− cos ⁡( 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥= 𝑥− sin ( 4 𝑥 ) +𝑐
2 2 4
 Integration with algebraic
fractions
In many cases, integration of algebraic fractions involves ln(x).
Let’s consider the simplest cases first.

We know that

This is only the case with a single power of x on the bottom.

If I have for example, I should remember my rules from term 1, rewriting as

So first we will focus on fractions with a single power of

 Integration with algebraic
fractions
If we have any multiple of this, we should take the constant outside the integral.

For example:

This works any time we have a single linear function on the bottom of a fraction

E.G. :
 Integration with algebraic
fractions
Make sure you remember to divide by any coefficient of x when integrating.

For example:

E.G. :
 algebraic fractions- a handy
trick
If we have an x on the top too, there is a handy trick we can use:

For example:

We can try rewriting the top as a multiple of the bottom

E.G. :
Here we have added and subtracted 2 from the top. That means the function is unchanged.
Now we can write as two separate fractions.
 Integration: a common form
for algebraic fractions
Recall that if then

Integration is the opposite of differentiation,

therefore:
 Integration
Example
Let . Then
 Integration
Example

Let 1. Then
 Integrating rational functions
f '( x )
We have seen that rational functions of the form f ( x)
can be
integrated using:
f '( x )
 f ( x) dx = ln f ( x)
In particular, if f(x) is a linear function then:
1 1
 ax + b dx = a ln ax + b + c
Suppose we want to integrate a rational function with more
than one linear factor in the denominator.
2x  1
For example:
 ( x  2)( x  1) dx
 Using partial fractions in integration
2x  1
We can integrate this by first splitting into partial
fractions. ( x  2)( x  1)
2x  1 A B
Let  +
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1
Multiplying through by (x – 2)(x –1):
2 x  1  A( x  1) + B( x  2) 1
Substituting x = 2 into 1 : 4  1= A
A=3
Substituting x = 1 into 1 : 2  1=  B
B = 1
 Using partial fractions in integration

So, 2x  1 3 1
 
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1

We can now integrate:

2x  1 3 1
 ( x  2)( x  1) dx =  x  2 dx   x  1 dx
Sometimes a question will require us to use
the rules of logs to collect together the
= 3ln x  2  ln x  1 + c terms in an answer like this

( x  2)3
= ln ( x  2)3  ln x  1 + c = ln +c
x 1
 Using partial fractions in integration
6
Find  2 dx .
4x  9
The denominator involves the difference between two squares
and so we can write:
6 6
 4 x2  9 dx   (2 x + 3)(2 x  3) dx
6 A B
Let  +
(2 x + 3)(2 x  3) 2 x + 3 2 x  3
Multiplying through by (2x + 3)(2x – 3):

6  A(2 x  3) + B(2 x + 3) 1
 Using partial fractions in integration
Substituting x =  2 into 1 :
3

6 = A(2(  32 )  3)
6 = 6 A A = 1

3
Substituting x = 2 into 1 :
6 = B(2( 32 ) + 3)

6 = 6B B =1
6 1 1
So,  
4x  9 2x  3 2x + 3
2
 Using partial fractions in integration
We can now integrate:
6 1 1
 4 x2  9 dx =  2 x  3 dx   2 x + 3 dx
= 21 ln 2 x  3  21 ln 2 x + 3 + c

2x  3
= ln
1
2 +c
2x + 3
 Using partial fractions in integration

8 x 2 + 21x +13
Find  2
dx .
(2 x +1)( x + 2)
8 x 2 + 21x +13 A B C
Let 2
 + +
(2 x +1)( x + 2) 2 x +1 x + 2 ( x + 2)2
Multiplying through by (2x + 1)(x + 2)2:
8 x 2 + 21x +13  A( x + 2)2 + B(2 x +1)( x + 2) + C(2 x +1) 1

Substituting x =  2 into 1 :
1

2  21
2 +13 = 9A
4
9
2 = 94A A=2
 Using partial fractions in integration
Substituting x = –2 into 1 :
32  42 +13 = 3C
3 = 3C C = 1

Comparing the coefficients of x2 :

8 = A + 2B
8 = 2 + 2B B=3
8 x 2 + 21x +13 2 3 1
So, 2
 + 
(2 x +1)( x + 2) 2 x +1 x + 2 ( x + 2)2
 Using partial fractions in integration
We can now integrate:
8 x 2 + 21x +13 2 3 1
 (2 x +1)( x + 2)2 dx =  2 x +1 dx +  x + 2 dx  ( x + 2)2 dx
1
= ln 2 x +1 + 3ln x + 2 + +c
x+2 The integral of (x + 2)-2
is –(x +2)-1.
31
= ln 2 x +1 + ln x + 2 + +c
x+2

3 1
= ln (2 x +1)( x + 2) + +c
x+2
 Using partial fractions in integration

To integrate an improper fraction we need to rewrite it in proper

form before integrating. For example:
4x
Find  dx.
2x + 3
The improper fraction in this example can be written in proper
form by rewriting the numerator.
4x 2(2 x + 3)  6
=
2x + 3 2x + 3
2(2 x + 3) 6 6
=  =2
2x + 3 2x + 3 2x + 3
 Using partial fractions in integration
We can now integrate:
4x 6
 2 x + 3 dx =  2 dx   2 x + 3 dx
= 2 x  62 ln 2 x + 3 + c
= 2 x  3ln 2 x + 3 + c
More difficult examples may require us to set up an inequality
or use polynomial long division. For example:
Let
4 x 3 +10 x + 4
Find  dx .
2
2x + x 4 x 3 +10 x + 4 C D
 Ax + B + +
x(2 x +1) x 2 x +1
 Using partial fractions in integration

Multiplying through by x(2x + 1):

4 x 3 +10 x + 4  ( Ax + B ) x(2 x  1) + C (2 x +1) + Dx 1

Substituting x = 0 into 1 :

4=C C=4
Substituting x =  2 into 1 :
1

 84  5 + 4 =  D2

 32 =  D2 D=3

A and B can now be found by comparing coefficients.

 Using partial fractions in integration
Comparing coefficients of x3:
4 = 2A A=2

Comparing coefficients of x2:

0 = A + 2B
2 B = 2 B = 1

So, 4 x 3 +10 x + 4 4 3
 2 x  1+ +
x(2 x +1) x 2 x +1
 Using partial fractions in integration
We can now integrate:
4 x 3 +10 x + 4 4 3
 x(2 x +1) dx =  (2 x  1)dx +  x  2 x +1 dx
dx +

= x 2  x + 4ln x + 32 ln 2 x +1 + c

3
= x  x + ln x + ln (2 x +1) + c
2 4 2

3
= x  x + ln x (2 x +1) + c
2 4 2