RF & Microwave Communication

Basics of Two Port Network

Kavitha A K
Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE, SRIT
 Two Port Network
3
 A two-port network (a kind four-terminal network or quadripole) is an
network
of (circuit) or device with twoelectrical
pairs of terminals to connect to the external circuits.
 Two terminals constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the
essential requirement known as the port condition: the electric current entering one
terminal must equal the current emerging from the other terminal on the same por
t.
 The ports constitute interfaces where the network connects to other networks, the
points where signals are applied or outputs are taken.
 In
theaoutput
two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is
Figure: Example two-por t network with symbol
considered
port.
definitions. Notice the por t condition is satisfied:
the same current flows into each por t as
leaves that por t.
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 Two Port Network - Basic Definitions:
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 Unit 1 – TWO PORT NETWORK
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THEORY
 Review of Low frequency parameters: Impedance,
Admittance, Hybrid and ABCD parameters
 Different types of interconnection of Two port networks
 High Frequency parameters
 Formulation of S parameters, Properties of S parameters
 Reciprocal and lossless Network
 RF behavior of Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors.

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 Two Port Network
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Low frequency network :

 Por t - definitions
 Electrical Terms : pair of terminal
 In Microwave network : Reference plane transverse to the length of the
microwave transmission line or waveguide.
 Physical length of the network issmaller than the wavelength of the
signal transmitted
Generalities: The standard configuration of a two
I1
port:
I2
+ +
Inpu The Outpu
V1 V2
_ t Network t _
Port / Device Port
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2 port Microwave Devices – Matrix
representation
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(a) 2 por t network, (b) z- Matrix representation, (c) Y- Matrix representation

A Microwave network is formed when several microwave devices and components
such as Sources, Attenuators, Resonators, Filters, Amplifiers., etc., are coupled
together by a transmission line or wave guide.
The point of interaction of two or more devices is called as
Junction.
At low frequencies since the physical length of the network is very small the
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or ABCD input and output
measurable variables are Voltage and Current
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 Network
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Equations:
For a two port network, the relationship of V & I with respect to the Z,
Y, H and ABCD parameters can be given as:
Impedance V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 Transmissio V1 = AV2 -
Z n A, B, C, D
parameters V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2 parameters BI2 I1 = CV2

- DI2

I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 V1 = h11I1 + h12V2

Admittance Hybrid
H I2 = h21I1 + h22V2
Y I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 parameters
parameters

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 Impedance (Z Parameter)
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 Z is the impedance, measured in ohms. (Z=R+jX)

 Resistance is a measure of the opposition of a circuit to the flow of a steady current.
 Impedance includes the dynamic effect known as reactance(X) along with
the
resistance.
 Reactance(X) is the opposition of a circuit element to a change in current

or voltage, due to that element's inductance or capacitance. A built-up electric

field resists the change of voltage on the element, while a magnetic field
resists the change of current.
 Z-parameters are also known as open-circuit impedance parameters as
8 they are calculated Unit
under open
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 Impedance (Z Parameter)
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Contd.
 A Z-parameter matrix describes the , behavior of
electrical any
linear network that can be regarded as a black box with a number of
por ts.
 A port is a pair of terminals carrying equal and opposite currents
into and out-of the network, and having a particular voltage between
them.
 The voltages(V) may be defined in terms of the Z-parameter matrix

and the currents(I) by the following matrix equation:

V=ZI
Where Z is an N × N matrix
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 Impedance (Z
Parameter) Contd.
11 ,
 The Z-parameter matrix for the two-port network is probably the most
common.
 The relationship between the por t currents, por t voltages and
the Z- parameter matrix is given by:

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 Z parameters:

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V Z11 is the impedance seen looking into por t 1

Z 
11 1 when por t 2 is open.
I1 I 0
2
Z12 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of
Z  V1 voltage
the at por t 1 to the current at por t 2 when
12 I I 0
1 por t 1 is open.
2 V Z21 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of
Z  2
21 voltage
the at por t 2 to the current at por t 1 when
I1 I2 0
por t 2
V is open.
Z  2 Z22 is the impedance seen looking into por t 2
2
I2 I  when
por t 1 is
2 1
11
0 open.
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 Impedance
13 Relations
 The input impedance of a two-port network is given
by: Z 12Z 2
Z in  Z 11 
Z 2 21  Z L
 where ZL is the impedance of the load connected to port 2.
 The output impedance is given by:
Z 1 2 Z 2
Z o u t  Z 2 2 
Z 1
11  Z S

Where ZS is the impedance of the source connected to port

1.
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 Admittance (Y Parameter)
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 Admittance is a measure of how easily a circuit or device will allow a current

to flow.
 It is defined as the inverse of impedance.
 The SI unit of admittance is Siemens (Symbol S).
 Oliver Heaviside coined the term admittance in December 1887.
 Admittance is defined as
1
Y 
Z

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 Admittance (Y
Parameter) Contd.
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,
 The currents may be defined in terms of the Y-parameter matrix and
the voltages by the following matrix equation:
I  VY
 The Y-parameter matrix for the two-port network is probably the
most common.
 In this case, the relationship between the por t voltages, por t currents
and the Y-parameter matrix is given by:

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 Y
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parameters:

I Y11 is admittance seen int port port 2

Y  1 the
shorted looking o 1when is
11 V V 0
1 2 .
I Y12 is a transfer admittance. It is the ratio of the current at port
Y 1
12 V 0 to the voltage at port 2 when port
1 1 is shorted.
 V2 1
I
2 Y21 is a transfer impedance. It is the ratio of the current at port
Y
 2 the voltage at port 1 when port 2 is shorted.
to
21 V1 V2 0
I
Y22 is the admittance seen looking into port 2 when port 1
Y  2 shorted
is
22 V2 V1 0
.
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 Admittance relations
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 The input admittance of a two-port network is given

by
Y 12Y 21
Y in Y11
  Y 22  Y
L

Where YL is the admittance of the load connected to port 2.

 The output admittance is given by
Y 12Y 21
Y out  Y
22  Y11  Y S

 Where YS is the admittance of the source connected to port

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 Transmission parameters (A,B,C,D)
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 ABCD Parameters, When Receiving End is Open

Circuited
 The defining equations are:

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 Transmission parameters
(A,B,C,D) Contd.
19
,
 The ABCD-parameters are known variously as chain, cascade, or
transmission line parameters.
 A,B,C,D are the constants that characterizes the junctions.

 ABCD parameters – convenient to represent when number of circuits

are connected in Cascade.
 Unlike in the definition used for Z and Y parameters, notice that I2 is
directed away from the port.
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 Properties of ABCD parameters
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 ABCD parameters can be expressed in terms of the Z

parameters.
 For a lossless network:

 The usefulness of the ABCD matrix is that cascaded two-port networks

can be characterized by simply multiplying their ABCD matrices
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 Hybrid Parameters
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 Every linear circuit having input and output terminals can

be analyzed by four parameters.
 One is measured in ohm, one in mho and two
dimensionless quantities.
 These four parameters are called hybrid or h Parameters.

 Hybrid means “mixed”.

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 Hybrid Parameters
Contd.
22
,
 The equations for the hybrid parameters are:

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