Lecture 5 COMBINED GAS-VAPOR POWER CYCLES

MESG 09101: Natural Gas power Plants
LECTURE 5:
COMBINED GAS–VAPOR POWER CYCLES

OBJECTIVES
 Analyze power cycles that consist of two separate cycles known
as combined cycles.
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INTRODUCTION
 The continued quest for higher thermal efficiencies
has resulted in some innovative modifications to the
basic vapor power cycle.
 Among these, include;
The reheat and

Regenerative cycles, as well as
Combined gas–vapor power cycles.
 A more popular modification involves a gas power cycle
topping a vapor power cycle, which is called the combined
gas–vapor cycle, or just the combined cycle.
 The combined cycle of greatest interest is the gas-turbine
(Brayton) cycle topping a steam turbine (Rankine) cycle,
which has a higher thermal efficiency than either of the
cycles executed individually
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COMBINED GAS–VAPOR POWER
CYCLES
 Gas power cycles: the
working fluid remains a gas
throughout the entire cycle.
 Vapor power cycles: the
working fluid is alternatively
vaporized and condensed.
COMBINED GAS–VAPOR POWER
CYCLES
 Combined cycle power plant are those which have both gas
and steam turbines suppling power to the network.
 Combined cycle is a characteristics’ of a power producing
engine or plant that employs more than one thermodynamic
cycle.
 The idea of combined cycles has growing out of the need to
improve the simple Brayton cycle efficiency by utilizing
waste heat in the turbine exhaust gases.
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COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS
 In a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) or combined cycle gas
turbine (CCGT) plant, as gas turbine generator generates electricity
and waste heat is used to make steam to generate additional
electricity via a steam turbine, this last step enhances the efficiency of
electricity generation.
 The combined cycle of greatest interest is the gas-turbine (Brayton)
cycle topping a steam turbine (Rankine) cycle, which has a higher
thermal efficiency than either of the cycles executed individually.
 Gas-turbine cycles typically operate at considerably higher
temperatures than steam cycles.
 The maximum fluid temperature at the turbine inlet is about 620°C
(1150°F) for modern steam power plants, but over 1425°C (2600°F)
for gas-turbine power plants
 Itmakes engineering sense to take advantage of the
very desirable characteristics of the gas-turbine cycle
at high temperatures and to use the high temperature
exhaust gases as the energy source for the bottoming
cycle such as a steam power cycle. The result is a
combined gas–steam cycle, as shown below.
 In this cycle, energy is recovered from the exhaust
gases by transferring it to the steam in a heat
exchanger that serves as the boiler.
 In general, more than one gas turbine is needed to
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supply sufficient heat to the steam.
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• Also, the steam cycle may involve regeneration as well
as reheating.
• Energy for the reheating process can be supplied by
burning some additional fuel in the oxygen-rich exhaust
gases.
CCPP PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 The principle of a combined cycle is to operate in cascade one or
more gas turbines, followed by a steam power plant whose heat
source is the cold source of gas turbines (Figure below).
 Under these conditions, the gas turbine exhaust gas is
recovered in a recovery boiler that produces steam that is then
expanded in a condensing turbine.
 The combined cycle thus obtained is a particularly successful
marriage in the search for improved thermal performance: with
currently available machines, efficiencies exceed 55% and are
higher than those of the most advanced future steam plants.
CCPP PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 The overall thermal efficiency of a power plant can be
increased by using a combined cycle.
 The most common combined cycle is the gas–steam
combined cycle where a gas-turbine cycle operates at the
high-temperature range and a steam-turbine cycle at the low-
temperature range.
 Steam is heated by the high-temperature exhaust gases
leaving the gas turbine.
 Combined cycles have a higher thermal efficiency than the
steam- or gas-turbine cycles operating alone.
COMBINED GAS-STEAM POWER
PLANT
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MAIN COMPONENTS OF CCPPS:
 Compressor:
 Combustion chamber
 Gas turbine
 Heat recovery steam generator
 Steam turbine
 Pump
 Condenser
TYPES OF COMBINED CYCLES
 Heat recovery boiler with or without supplementary
firing
 Heat recovery boiler with regeneration and/or feed-
water heating
 Heat recovery boiler with multi-pressure steam
cycle
 Closed cycle gas turbine with steam cycle feed-
water heating
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COMBINED GAS-STEAM POWER
CYCLE
 Example of the Combined
Brayton and Rankine
Cycles
 (a) Explain what’s
happening in the various
process for the hardware
shown below.
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EXAMPLE 1
 A Combined Gas–Steam Power Cycle Consider the combined gas–
steam power cycle shown in Fig. 10–25. The topping cycle is a gas-
turbine cycle that has a pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor
at 300 K and the turbine at 1300 K. The isentropic efficiency of the
compressor is 80 percent, and that of the gas turbine is 85 percent.
The bottoming cycle is a simple ideal Rankine cycle operating
between the pressure limits of 7 MPa and 5 kPa. Steam is heated in
a heat exchanger by the exhaust gases to a temperature of 500°C.
The exhaust gases leave the heat exchanger at 450 K. Determine
(a) the ratio of the mass flow rates of the steam and the
combustion gases and
(b) the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.
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ADVANTAGE OF GAS-STEAM COMBINED-
CYCLE
 The chief advantage of natural-gas-steam combined-cycle
generation, compared with steam only, is the great increase of
overall efficiency.
 In addition, the use of combined-cycle systems results in a
much lower coal use and a significant reduction of greenhouse
gases.
 There are big reductions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
carbon dioxide, particulates and fly ash.
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SUMMARY: COMBINED GAS-VAPOR POWER
CYCLE
 Use of two cycles to maximize efficiency
 Gas power cycle topping a vapor power cycle
 Combined cycles have higher efficiency than either
independently
 Works because:
Gas turbine needs high combustion temp to be
efficient, vapor cycle can effectively use rejected
energy
HOMEWORK
1. What is the difference between the binary vapor power cycle
and the combined gas–steam power cycle?
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COMBINED GAS–VAPOR POWER CYCLES

The reheat and

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