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Prolog

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10 views15 pages

Prolog

Uploaded by

tejuabhang05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prolo

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Facts have some simple rules of syntax:

• Facts should always begin with a lowercase letter and end with a full stop.

• The facts themselves can consist of any letter or number combination, as well as
the underscore _ character.
• However, names containing the characters -,+,*,/, or other mathematical
operators should be avoided.
•Facts syntax:

relation(object1,object2,..).

Eg.fred eats meat.

eats(fred,meat).
variable

• A variable in Prolog is a string of letters, digits, and


underscores (_) beginning either with a capital letter or
with an underscore. Examples:
• Eg. X, Sister, _, _thing, _y47, First_name, Z2
• Propositions will either be true (if stated) or something to prove or
disprove (determine if it is true) – we do not include statements
which are false.

Propositions are represented by a predicate applied to a tuple of


terms. A predicate represents a property of or relation between terms
that can be true or false: Brother(John, Fred)

• An atomic proposition is a statement or assertion that must be true


or false.
• Compound terms (multiple propositions connected through the
logical operators of and, or, not, and implies)
• Knowledge representation:
1. Propositional Logic(PL): It is declarative either true or false.

2.First-order logic (FOL) refers to logic in which the predicate of


a sentence or statement can only refer to a single subject. It is
also known as first-order predicate calculus or first-order
functional calculus.
Eg. ∀x Cat(x) ⇒ Owns(Mary,x) Says that Mary owns all the cats in the
universe. Also true if there are no cats in the universe
Logic • Equivalence means that
both expressions have
identical truth tables
Operators
Name Symbol Example Meaning • Implication is like an if-
negation  a not a (\+) then statement
• if a is true then b is
conjunction  ab a and b(,) true
disjunction  ab a or b(;) • note that this does not
necessarily mean that if
equivalence  ab a is equivalent a is false that b must
to b also be false
• Universal quantifier says
implication  ab a implies b that this is true no matter
 ab b implies a what x is
universal  X.P For all X, P is • Existential quantifier says
true that there is an X that
fulfills the statement
existential X.P There exists a
value of X X.(woman(X)  human(X))
such that P is – if X is a woman, then X is a
true human

X.(mother(mary, X)  male(X))
Logical Not:
likes(ram,apple).

?- \+likes(ram,apple).
false.

?- likes(ram,apple).
true.
Logical and
likes(ram,apple).
likes(ram,mango).

?- likes(ram,mango),likes(ram,apple).
true.
?- likes(ram,mango),likes(ram,banana).
false.
Logical OR

likes(ram,apple).
likes(ram,mango).

?- likes(ram,mango);likes(ram,banana).
true
Claus
•eIt is group of words contain subject and predicate.
• Eg. Charlie runs.
• resolution is inference mechanism. we have two sentences (1)
All women like shopping. (2) Olivia is a woman.
Now we ask query 'Who likes shopping'. So, by resolving above
sentences we can have one new sentence Olivia likes shopping.
Example for applying
rules
eats(dog,vegitable).
eats(dog,meat).
eats(lion,meat).
carnivore(X):-
eats(X,vegitable),ea
ts(X,meat).

?- carnivore(dog).
true.
?- carnivore(lion).
false.
Example
Unification
• The idea is similar to that of unification in logic: we have two terms and
we want to see if they can be made to represent the same structure.
• The expression A=B is true if A and B are terms and unify (look identical)
arity
•?- a =
a. true
•?- a = b.
false
•Identify price of
hat. price(pen,20).
price(pencil,10).
price(hat,30).

•?- price(hat,X).
X = 30.
Other additional example:
max(X,Y,X):-X>Y.

?- max(11,10,Max).
Max = 11.

min(X,Y,X):-X<Y.
?- min(9,10,Min).
Min = 9.

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