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474 views31 pages

Maths Ai

Uploaded by

Aditya Panicker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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JNV Canacona South

Goa
Mathematics
Art Integrated Project
Guided by :- Ashwathi P.V Submittted by :- Aditya Panicker
Subject :- Mathematics :- Tony Francis
Topic :- Matrix :- Abhiv Ghode
Class :- XII Science :- Raksham Dessai
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 Matrices and its types 04 Transpose of a Matrix


Matrix, Order of a matrix, Types of Transpose of a Matrix, Properties
a Matrix, Equality of a Matrix of a Matrix

Addition and scalar Symmetric and Skew-


02 Multiplication of Matrix 05 Symmetric
Addition of a Matrix, Multiplication Symmetric Matrrices, Scew-
of a matrix by scalar, Properties of Symmetric Matrices,
Addition and Multiplication by
scalar of a Matrix

Multiplication of Invertible of a Matrix


03 Matrices
06 Invertible of a Matrix, Properties
a Matrix
Method of multiplying two
Matrices, Properties of Multiplying
two Matrices
01
Matrix
The basic Introduction
Matrix
- It is an ordered Rectangular array of numbers or
function.
- It is enclosed by [ ]
- The numbers or functions are called the elements or the
entries of the matrix
- Matrix is represented by a single Capital letter
- Elements of the matrices are represented by a small
letter
- In a matrix, the horizontal lines are called rows and
vertical lines as column
Order of a Matrix
Suppose a matrix has m rows and n columns

● The order of the matrix can be written as m x n


● Pronounced as m cross n
● m represents no. of rows and n represents no. of
columns
● In notation form it can be re-written as A=[a ]
● The No. of matrix in m x n will be equal to mn
● a is an element lying in the i row and j column
Types of Matrices

01 02 03 04 05 06 07
Row Column Zero or null Square Diagonal Scalar Identity
Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix
Row Matrix

Matrices which have only 1


row are called as Row Matrix
Column Matrix

Matrices which have only 1


column are called as Column
Matrix
Null Matrix
If all the element of a matrix are
zero, then it is called as Zero or
Null Matrix
Square Matrix
A Matrix in which no. of
rows and no. of cloumns are
equal is called a sqyare
matrix
Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix is said to be diagonal
matrix if all the elements lying outside
the diagonal elements are zero
Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix in which all
non-zero elements are constant
Identity Matrix
A scalar matrix where non-zero
constant is ‘ 1 ’
Equality of Matrices
Two Matrices say A= [a ] and B=[ b ] are said to
be equal if
- Order of the matrix is same
- Corresponding elements are equal
- i.e a = b
Addition and Scalar
02 Multiplication of
matrix
Addition of two Matrices

Let A= [a ] and B= [ b ] be two matrices of ame order m x n


● The sum of two matrices A and B is a matrix C whose elements are obtained by
adding corresponding elements of A and B
● i.e. a + b = c
● Here matrix A and B must be of same order and the corresponding matrix C will
be of same order
● If A and B are not of the same order, then A + B is not defined
● Addition of matrices is an example of binary operation on the set of matrices of
the same order

A+B= 3 4 9 8 3+9 4+8 12 12


1 6 2 0 1+2 6+0 3 6
Properties of Addition of Matrices
If A = [a ], B = [b ]and C = [ c ]are three matrices of order m x n, then it
follows :-

➢Commutative law
A+B=B+A
➢Associative law
(A+B)+C= A+(B+C)
➢Existence of Additive Identity
A+0 = A = 0+A
➢Existence of Additive Inverse
A + (-A) = 0 = (-A) + A
Multiplication of matrix by a scalar
➢Let A = [a ] be a matrix and k be any scalar. Then, the matrix obtained
by multiplying each element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A
by k and is denoted by kA given as kA=[ka ]

e.g. - If A= 1 2 3 3A = 3x1 3x2 3x3 = 3 6 9


2 1 4 3x2 3x1 3x4 6 3 12
Properties of Scalar Multiplication If A and B are
matrices of order m x n, then
➢ k(A + B) = kA + kB
➢ (k + k )A = k A + k A
➢ k k A = k (k A) = k (k A)
➢(- k)A = – (kA) = k( – A) also called as negative of a matrix
Multiplication of
Matrices 03
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
Multiplication of Matrices

➢ Consider two matrices A and B, then for the multiplication to n possible number of
columns in A should be equal to the number of rows
➢ If A = [a ] of order m x n and B = [b ] of order n x p then the product C = [c ]will be a
matrix of the order m x p
➢ Consider two matrices A and B, then
If A = 1 3 -2 and B = 0 3
0 3 -1 -2 -1
0 4

AxB= 1x0+3(-2)+(-2)0 1x3+3(-1)+(-2)4 = -6 -8


0x0+3x(-2)+(-1)0 0x3+3x(-1)+(-1)4 -6 -11
Note :-
➢ If AB is defined, then doesn't mean BA is defined.
➢ If A, B are, respectively m × n, k × l matrices, then both AB and BA are
defined if and only if n = k and l = m.
➢ If both A and B are square matrices of the same order, then both AB
and BA are defined
➢ If AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that AB = BA
➢ If AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that AB = BA
Properties of multiplication of matrices

If A = [a ], B = [b ]and C = [c ] are three matrices of order m x n, then

➢ Commutative Law not applicable


AB BA
➢ Associative Law
(A B)C = A(BC)
➢ Distributive Law
A (B+C) = AB + AC
(A+B) C = AC + BC, whenever both sides of equality are defined
➢ Existence of Multiplicative Identity
IA = AI = A
04
Transpose of
Matrix
Transpose of a matrix

➢ Let A = [a ] , be a matrix of order m x n. Then, the n x


m matrix can be obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of A is called the transpose of A and is denoted
➢ by A’or A
A’= A = [a ]

Eg: A= 1 2 , A’ = 1 3 5
3 4 2 4 6
5 6
Properties of Transpose
➢ (A’)’ = A
➢ (A + B)’ = A’ + B’
➢ (AB)’ = B’A’
➢ (kA)’ = kA’
➢ (AN)’ = (A’)N
➢ (ABC)’ = C’ B’ A’
05
Symmetric & Skew
Symmetric Matricesx
Symmetric matrix
A square matrix A = [a ] is said to be symmetric if A′
=A
e.g- 3 2 3
2 -5 1
3 1 0
Scew-Symmetric matrix
A square matrix A = [a ] is said to be skew symmetric
matrix if A′ = – A
e.g: 0 e f
-e 0 g
-f -g 0
Theorem
➢ For any square matrix A with real number entries,
A + A′ is a symmetric matrix and A – A′ is a skew symmetric
matrix
➢
Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and
a skew symmetric matrix
Invertible Matrices
➢ If A is a square matrix of order m, and if there exists another square
matrix B of the same order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is called
the inverse matrix of A and it is denoted by A . In that case A is said to
be invertible
Note:-
➢ A rectangular matrix does not possess inverse matrix, since for products
BA and AB to be defined and to be equal, it is necessary that matrices A
and B should be square matrices of the same order.

➢ If B is the inverse of A, then A is also the inverse of B


CONCLUSION
The above information ar taken from below sorces

https://www.selfstudys.com

NCERT Mathematics textbook

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