l1 Arar Asr Intro and Overview
l1 Arar Asr Intro and Overview
l1 Arar Asr Intro and Overview
OVERVIEW
DIAGNOSIS & CLASSIFICATION
Coexisting Cardiovascular Risk Factors
for Risk Stratification
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Dyslipidaemia (TC > 6.5mmol/L)
• Smoking status
• Microalbuminuria
• Estimated GFR < 60mL/min/m2 (CKD)
• Family history of premature CV disease
(Male < 55 y/o; Female < 65 y/o)
TARGET ORGAN DAMAGE & COMPLICATIONS
Risk Stratification
Algorithm for the
Management of
Hypertension
CHOICE OF FIRST LINE MONOTHERAPY
day
Choice of Anti- Hypertensive Drugs in
Patients with Concomitant Conditions
Effective Combination Therapy
Effective Combination Therapy Used in
Outcome Trials
RESISTANT HYPERTENSION
If BP is still >140/90 mmHg with combination of 3 drugs (including a diuretic at near
maximal doses) it is by definition Resistant Hypertension
● Intake of any substances which may antagonise the hypertensive effects of drugs taken ( eg NSAIDS,
sympathomimetics, liquorice, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids )
RESISTANT HYPERTENSION
Refractory Hypertension
6 1
4 2 3 5
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1. ORGANISATION OF HEALTH CARE
A system seeking to improve
chronic disease care must be
motivated and prepared for
change throughout the
organization from the micro,
meso and macro levels
Mobilize community
resources to meet the needs
of patients
Prepared &
Proactive Productive Interactions
Doctor and
NCD Team
Self-
Management
Support Tool
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EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE
CHRONIC CARE MODEL
● CCM has been shown to improve quality of
care and outcomes for various chronic
conditions including hypertension
● Of the 77 papers which met the inclusion
criteria, 75 papers reported improvements to
healthcare practice or health outcomes for
people living with chronic disease.
● The most commonly used elements of the
CCM were self-management support and
delivery system design.
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CHRONIC CARE MODEL IN
MALAYSIA
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A cross-sectional survey to assess the feasibility to implement the components of Chronic
Care Model (CCM) in the public primary care clinics
Majority of the clinics were already equipped with core resources to implement the CCM
Majority of the clinics have adequate multidisciplinary staff who were willing to be trained
and were committed to improve patient care
Therefore, implementation of the essential components of the CCM was feasible, despite
various constraints
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CHRONIC CARE MODEL IN
MALAYSIA
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CHRONIC CARE MODEL IN
MALAYSIA
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KEY PRACTICE POINTS
1. Produce a prepared, proactive health care
team to manage chronic conditions