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Chapter 5 PHP

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Chapter 5 PHP

Uploaded by

Salih Akadar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 56

Internet Programming

Chapter Five

PHP

1 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Introduction to PHP

PHP is a powerful server-side scripting language for


creating dynamic and interactive websites.
PHP is perfectly appropriate for Web development and
can be embedded directly into the HTML code.
The PHP syntax is very similar to C.
 PHP is often used together with Apache(web server) on
various operating systems.
A PHP file may contain text, HTML tags and scripts.

2 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Introduction to PHP…
Scripts in a PHP file are executed on the server.
PHP files have a file extension of ".php", ".php3", or
".phtml“
PHP is case sensitive:
 A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.

3 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


What is PHP?
PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
 PHP is a server-side scripting language.
PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix,
Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC,
etc.)
PHP is an open source software (OSS)
PHP is free to download and use
PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux,
Unix, etc.)

4 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Basic PHP Syntax
 A PHP scripting block always starts with
 <?php and ends with ?>.
 A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the
document.
 On servers with shorthand support enabled you can start a
scripting block with
 <? and end with ?>.
 However, for maximum compatibility, we recommend that
you use the standard form (<?php) rather than the
shorthand form.
<?php
?>
5 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
 Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon.
Output Statement
 There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echo and print.
 Format
 echo output1, output2, output3, output4,….;
 echo (output);
 Format
 print output;
 print (output);
 Unlike echo print can accept only one argument.
 It is possible to embed html tags into echo and print statement.
 For example - we have used the echo statement to output the text "Hello World".
<?php
echo "Hello <br> World";
?>

6 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Comments in PHP
 There are two commenting formats in PHP:
 Single-line comments:
 In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment
 Multi-lines comments:
 We use /* and */ to make a multiple line comment block.
<html>
<body>
<?php
//This is a single-line comment
/*
This is
A multiple line comment
block
*/
?>
</body>
</html>

7 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Variables
Variables are used for storing values, such as numbers,
strings or function results.
When a variable is set it can be used many times in a
script.
All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol.
The correct way of setting a variable in PHP:
$var_name = value;
$txt = "Hello World!";
There is no size limit for variables name.

8 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Variables…
 A variable does not know in advance whether it will be used to
store a number or a string of characters.
 PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data
type, depending on their value.
 A variable name must start with a letter or an underscore.
 A variable name cannot start with a number
 A variable name can consist of numbers, letters, underscores
but you cannot use characters like + , - , % , ( , ) . & , etc
 A variable name should not contain spaces.
 If a variable name is more than one word, it should be
separated with underscore ($my_string), or with capitalization
($myString)

9 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Operator Types
What is Operator?
For example in the expression 4 + 5 = 9.
Here 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator.
PHP language supports following type of operators.
Arithmetic Operators
Comparision Operators
Logical (or Relational) Operators
Assignment Operators
Conditional (or ternary) Operators

10 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description Example
A=10, B=20
+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30
- Subtracts second operand from A - B will give -10
the first
* Multiply both operands A * B will give 200
/ Divide numerator by B / A will give 2
denumenator
% Modulus Operator and return B % A will give 0
remainder of an integer division
++ Increment operator, increases A++ will give 11
integer value by one
-- Decrement operator, decreases A-- will give 9
integer value by one

11 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Comparison Operators
Operato Description Example
r A=10, B=20
== Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if (A == B) is not
yes then condition becomes true. true.
!= Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if (A != B) is true.
values are not equal then condition becomes true.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the (A > B) is not
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value (A < B) is true.
of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or (A >= B) is not
equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition true.
becomes true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal (A <= B) is true.
to the value of right operand, if yes then condition
P By. Zegale L.
12 06/13/2024
becomes true.
Logical Operators
Operator Description Example
X=6, y=3
&& Called Logical AND operator. (x < 10 && y >
If both the operands are true then then 1) returns true
condition becomes true.
|| Called Logical OR Operator. (x==5 || y==5)
If any of the two operands are True then then returns false
condition becomes true.
! Called Logical NOT Operator. !(x==y) returns
Use to reverses the logical state of its true
operand.
If a condition is true then Logical NOT
operator will make false.

13 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Assignment Operators
Operator Description Example
= Assigns values from right side operands to left side C=A+B
operand
+= It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the C += A is
result to left operand equivalent to C
=C+A
-= It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign C -= A is
the result to left operand equivalent to C =
C -A
*= It multiplies right operand with the left operand and C *= A is
assign the result to left operand equivalent to C =
C*A
/= It divides left operand with the right operand and assign C /= A is
the result to left operand equivalent to
C =C /A
%= It takes modulus division of two operands and assign the C %= A is
result to left operand equivalent to
P By. Zegale L. C =C%A
14 06/13/2024
Conditional Operator
This first evaluates an expression for a true or false
value and then execute one of the two given statements
depending upon the result of the evaluation.

Operator Description Example

?: Conditional Expression If Condition is true ? Then


value X : Otherwise value Y

15 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Precedence of PHP Operators
 Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an
expression.
 This affects how an expression is evaluated.
 Here operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the
table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom.
 Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated
Category Operator Associatively
first. Unary ! ++ -- Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /=

16 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Decision Making
You can use conditional statements in your code to
make your decisions based on the different condition.
PHP supports following three decision making
statements:
if...else statement - use this statement if you want to
execute a set of code when a condition is true and
another if the condition is false
else if statement - is used with the if...else statement to
execute a set of code if one of several condition are true.
switch statement - is used if you want to select one of
many blocks of code to be executed.

17 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The If...Else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true
and another code if a condition is false, use the if...else
statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;

18 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>
19 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
The If...Else Statement…
 If more than one line should be executed if a condition is true/false,
the lines should be enclosed within curly braces:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
{
echo "Hello!<br />";
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
echo "See you on Monday!";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

20 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The Else If Statement
If you want to execute some code if one of several
conditions are true use the else if statement
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;

21 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
 The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the current
day is Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day is Sunday.
Otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else if ($d=="Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>

22 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The Switch Statement
 If you want to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed, use the Switch statement.
 Syntax
switch (expression)
{
case label1:
code to be executed if expression = label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if expression = label2;
break;
default:
code to be executed by defoult;
}
23 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
Example
<html> case "Fri":
<body> echo "Today is Friday"; break;
<?php case "Sat":
$d=date("D"); echo "Today is Saturday"; break;
switch ($d) case "Sun":
{ echo "Today is Sunday"; break;
case "Mon": default:
echo "Today is Monday"; break; echo "Wonder which day is this ?";
case "Tue": }
echo "Today is Tuesday"; break; ?>
case "Wed": </body>
echo "Today is Wednesday"; break; </html>
case "Thu":
echo "Today is Thursday"; break;
24 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
PHP Loop Types
Loops in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a
specified number of times.
PHP supports following four loop types.
for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times.
while - loops through a block of code as long as a specified
condition is true.
do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then
repeats the loop as long as a specified condition is true.
 for each - loops through a block of code for each element in an
array.
We will discuss about continue and break keywords used to
control the loops execution.

25 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The for loop statement
The for statement is used when you know how many
times you want to execute a statement or a block of
statements.
Syntax
for (initialization; condition; increment)
{
code to be executed;
}

26 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
 The following example makes five iterations and changes the assigned
value of two variables on each pass of the loop:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$a = 0;
$b = 0;
for( $i=0; $i<5; $i++ )
{
$a += 10;
$b += 5;
}
echo ("At the end of the loop a=$a and b=$b" );
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
At the end of the loop a=50 and b=25
27 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
The while loop statement
 The while statement will execute a block of code if and as
long as a test condition is true.
 If the test condition is true then the code block will be
executed.
 the loop will continue until the test condition is found to be
false.
 Syntax
while (condition)
{
code to be executed;
}

28 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
 This example decrements a variable value on each iteration of the loop
and the counter increments until it reaches 10 when the evaluation is false
and the loop ends.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 50;
while( $i < 10)
{
$num--;
$i++;
}
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i and num = $num" );
?>
</body>
</html>

29 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The do...while loop statement
The do...while statement will execute a block of code
at least once - then it will repeat the loop as long as a
condition is true.
Syntax
do
{
code to be executed;
}
while (condition);

30 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 0;
do
{
$i++;
}
while( $i < 10 );
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" );
?>
</body>
</html>

31 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The for each loop statement
The for each statement is used to loop through arrays.
For each pass the value of the current array element is
assigned to $value and the array pointer is moved by
one and in the next pass next element will be
processed.
Syntax
foreach (array as value)
{
code to be executed;
}

32 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
foreach( $array as $value )
{
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

33 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The break statement
The PHP break keyword is used to terminate the
execution of a loop prematurely.
The break statement is placed inside the loop statement
block. Whenever you want to exit from the loop you
can come out using a break statement.
After coming out of a loop immediate statement to the
loop will be executed.

34 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
 In the following example condition test becomes true when the counter value reaches
3 and loop terminates.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
while( $i < 10)
{
$i++;
if( $i == 3 )
break;
}
echo (“Loop stopped at i = $i" );
?>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Loop stopped at i = 3

35 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The continue statement
The PHP continue keyword is used to halt the current
iteration of a loop but it does not terminate the loop.
Just like the break statement the continue statement is
placed inside the loop statement block, preceded by a
conditional test.
For the pass encountering continue statement, the rest
of the loop code is skipped and next pass starts.

36 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
 In the following example loop prints the value of array but for which
condition becomes true it just skip the code and next value is
printed.
<html>
<body>
<?php This will produce following
$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); result Value is 1
for each( $array as $value ) Value is 2
{ Value is 4
if( $value == 3 ) Value is 5
continue;
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

37 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
<html>
<body> Output
<?php Salary of mohammad is
/* First method to create associate array. */ 2000
$salaries = array( Salary of kadir is 1000
"mohammad" => 2000, Salary of zara is 500
“kadir" => 1000,
"zara" => 500
);
echo "Salary of mohammad is ". $salaries['mohammad'] . "<br />";
echo "Salary of kadir is ". $salaries[‘kadir']. "<br />";
echo "Salary of zara is ". $salaries['zara']. "<br />";
?>
</body>
</html>
38 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
String Operation
String Concatenation Operator
To concatenate two string variables together, use the dot
(.) operator:
<?php
$string1="Hello World";
$string2="1234";
echo $string1 . " " . $string2;
?>
 This will produce following result:
Hello World 1234

39 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Using the strlen() function
 The strlen() function is used to find the length of a string.
 Let's find the length of our string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");
?>
<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>
 This will produce following result: 12
 The length of a string is often used in loops or other
functions, when it is important to know when the string ends.

40 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Math
PHP has a set of math functions that allows you to perform
mathematical tasks on numbers.

PHP pi() Function


The pi() function returns the value of PI:

Example
<?php
echo(pi()); // returns 3.1415926535898
?>

41 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Math
PHP min() and max() Functions
The min() and max() functions can be used to find the
lowest or highest value in a list of arguments:

Example
<?php
echo(min(0, 150, 30, 20, -8, -200)); // returns -200
echo(max(0, 150, 30, 20, -8, -200)); // returns 150
?>

42 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Math
PHP sqrt() Function
The sqrt() function returns the square root of a number:

Example
<?php
echo(sqrt(64)); // returns 8
?>

43 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Functions
A function is a block of code that can be executed whenever
we need it.
Creating PHP functions:
All functions start with the word "function()"
Name the function - It should be possible to understand what
the function does by its name.
The name can start with a letter or underscore (not a number)
 Add a "{" – The function code starts after the opening curly brace
Insert the function code
Add a "}" - The function is finished by a closing curly brace

44 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Function Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
/* Defining a PHP Function */
function writeMessage()
{
echo "You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!";
}
/* Calling a PHP Function */
writeMessage();
?>
</body>
</html>

45 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Function Example…
A simple function that writes a name when it is called:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName()
{
echo “abebe belachewu";
}
writeMyName();
?>
</body>
</html>
46 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
PHP Functions with Parameters:
PHP gives you option to pass your parameters inside a
function.
You can pass any number of parameters your like.
These parameters work like variables inside your function.
Following example takes two integer parameters and add
them together and then print them.
<?php
function addFunction($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1 + $num2;
echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum";
}
addFunction(10, 20);
?>
47 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName($fname)
{
echo “$fname <br />";
}
echo "My name is ";
writeMyName(“abebe");
?>
</body>
</html>

48 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP Forms and User Input
 The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables are used to retrieve information
from forms, like user input.
 The most important thing to notice when dealing with HTML forms and
PHP is that any form element in HTML page will automatically be
available to your PHP scripts.
Form example:
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
49 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024
PHP Forms and User Input…
The example HTML page above contains two input
fields and a submit button.
When the user fills in this form and click on the submit
button, the form data is sent to the "welcome.php" file.
The "welcome.php" file looks like this:
<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.
Welcome John.
</body> You are 28 years
</html> old.

50 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP $_GET
 The $_GET variable is used to collect values from a form
with method="get".
 The $_GET variable is an array of variable names and
values are sent by the HTTP GET method.
Example
<form action="welcome.php" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>

51 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP $_GET…
When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the
URL sent could look something like this:
localhost/welcome.php?name=Peter&age=37
The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_GET
variable to catch the form data
Note that the names of the form fields will
automatically be the ID keys in the $_GET array:
Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!

52 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Why use $_GET?
Information sent from a form with the GET
method is visible to everyone (it will be displayed
in the browser's address bar)
So this method should not be used when sending
passwords or other sensitive information!
Get method has limits on the amount of
information to send
The value cannot exceed100 characters.
So it is not suitable on large variable values.

53 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


PHP $_POST
The $_POST variable is used to collect values from a
form with method="post".
The $_POST variable is an array of variable names
and values are sent by the HTTP POST method.
Information sent from a form with the POST method is
invisible to others and has no limits on the amount of
information to send.

54 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


Example
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Enter your name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Enter your age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>

When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL


will not contain any form data, and will look
something like this:
localhost/welcome.php

55 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024


The $_REQUEST Variable
The PHP $_REQUEST variable contains the contents
of both $_GET and $_POST variables.
The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get the
result from form data sent with both the GET and
POST methods.
Example
Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?> years old!

56 P By. Zegale L. 06/13/2024

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