UNIT-1

Overview of IoT,Design
Principles
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs):
• Sensors are electronic devices that sense the physical environments.
• A smart sensor includes computing and communication circuits.
• Ex: Internet of streetlights
• Sensors are used for measuring temperature, pressure, humidity, light intensity, traffic proximity,
acceleration in an accelerometer, signals in a GPS, proximity sensor, magnetic fields in a compass,
and magnetic intensity in a magnetometer.
• Sensors are of two types.
• The first type gives analog inputs to the control unit. Examples are thermistor, photoconductor,
pressure gauge and Hall sensor.
• The second type gives digital inputs to the control unit. Examples are touch sensor, proximity
sensor, metal sensor, traffic presence sensor, rotator encoder for measuring angles and linear
encoders for measuring linear displacements.

• WSN Definition
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is defined as a network in which each sensor node connects
wirelessly and has capabilities of computations for data compaction, aggregation and analysis plus
communication and networking.
• WSN Node
• WSN node is autonomous.
• Each node either has an analog sensor with signal conditioner circuit or a digital sensor.
Architecture of WSN:
• A typical wireless sensor network can be divided into two elements. They are:
•
• -- Sensor Node
• -- Network Architecture
•
• A Sensor Node in a WSN consists of four basic components. They are:
•
1. Power Supply
2. Sensing Unit
3. Processing Unit
4. Communication Unit
Sensor node architecture:
Applications of WSN:
Overview of IoT:
• IoT Definition:
Internet of Things means a network of physical things (objects) sending, receiving,
or communicating information using the Internet or other communication
technologies and network just as the computers, tablets and mobiles do, and thus
enabling the monitoring, coordinating or controlling process across the Internet or
another data network.
Internet of Things is the network of physical objects or ‘things’ embedded with
electronics, software, sensors and connectivity to enable it to achieve greater value
and service by exchanging data with the manufacturer, operator and/or other
connected devices. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet
infrastructure.
 Evolution of IoT:

• 20.4 billion IoT devices are online by 2020.

• Gartner IoT research claims that there will be 25 billion
devices by the end of 2021. IoT is shaping the way we live our
lives
• By 2025, the number is expected to rise to 75 billion devices.
IoT Vision:
• Internet of Things is a vision where things (wearable watches, alarm
clocks, home devices, surrounding objects) become ‘smart’ and
function like living entities by sensing, computing and communicating
through embedded devices which interact with remote objects
(servers, clouds, applications, services and processes) or persons
through the Internet or Near-Field Communication (NFC) etc.
• Ex : Use of Internet of Things concept for streetlights in a city
The Best Example for IoT-Smart Home:

• The home appliances are interconnected to share the data with user over
a mobile application.
• The user can get a detailed information of the devices and also can get
the working condition for those devices
• E.g. IoT system can operate, many applications such as, in the morning
alarm can goes off, turn-on coffee boiler and water heater, etc.,
Smart and Hyperconnected Devices:
IoT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
• The following equation describes a simple conceptual framework of IoT
Basic conceptual framework of IOT is
Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of
Things

A Complex conceptual framework of IOT : (given by Oracle)

• Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organize and

Analyse=IoT with connectivity to data centre, enterprise or cloud server

Another Complex conceptual framework of IOT : (given by IBM)

Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage and Analyse

=IoT with connectivity to cloud services
Basic conceptual framework of IOT is

Physical objects + Controller, sensor and Actuator + Internet = Internet of Things (IOT)

• Physical Objects – Things around us. Controller – Act as a Brain or Decision

maker
• Sensor – The main purpose of sensors is to collect data from the surrounding
environment.

• Direct sensor converts a stimulus into an electrical signal or modifies an

electrical signal by using an appropriate physical effect.
• Complex sensor in addition needs one or more transducers before a direct
sensor can be employed to generate an electrical output.
 Working Principle of Sensor-Controller-Actuator:
• Sensor will give an output in the
same format – E.g. pressure level in
oxygen tanks etc.,
• Transducer will convert the
measurement into an electrical
signal
• – E.g. Engine Controls.

• Actuator – An actuator is a
machine component or system that
moves or controls the mechanism
or the system. Types – Hydraulic,
Electrical, Mechanical and Magnetic
actuators.

• Internet – We already know

IBM IoT conceptual framework:
 Complex Conceptual Framework of IoT (given by Oracle) (IoT architecture by Oracle)

Level 1:
Gather

Level 2:
Enrich

Level 3:
Stream

Level 4:
Manage

Level 5:
Acquire

Level 6:
O
• Level 1: Gather - In level 1, we can see smart sensor and sensors.
•
• Smart sensor (sensors which communicates with gateway and have ability to compute and communicate)
collect the data and then transmit it to level 2 through transcode that does coding and decoding.
•
• Level 2: Enrich - Data comes to Gateway after the encoding. when data go to the next level from
Gateway decoding is done.
•
• Gateway – which behave like a gate between the two devices it may be router or server.
•
1. Application framework : Are libraries with the help of these libraries sensor will connect with
Gateway and other devices.
2. IOT Communication framework : Is medium or protocol. Because of them
devices are connected with each other. It may be wi-fi, internet, IP, Bluetooth.
• Level 3: Stream - Communication management present there and it send receive the data.
• FOR THAT
1. Protocols handlers : It checks that whether the device which are connected in IOT has ability or
not to access the internet.
2. Message Router : If any device send the message then the router will decide to whom it will go.
3. Message Cache : Will take the recently comes data.
•
• Level 4: Manage - In level 4 it receive the device data (means the hardware which we are
• using also registered and only they can access the data).
• For e.g.: Considered that two mobile phones connected to each other if first mobile phone wants to
communicate with second mobile phone so the first mobile phone is registered and the data of their mobile
phone is on level 4.
• And that mobile data contained the data of device register and connection or the device identity.
Level 5: Acquire - It is a database which stores the data.
•
• Level 6: Organize - In level 6 the data comes in all previous levels are analyzed and organized. (Data is
analyzed and decide whether the data is authenticated sensitive or non sensitive)
IoT ARCHITECTURAL VIEW:
CISCO seven leveled reference model:
CISCO Conceptual Framework
IOT Architecture (3-Layer)
IOT Architecture (4-Layer)
IOT Architecture (5-Layer)
 IoT
1.
Architectural
Perception Layer :
View
• This is the first layer of IoT architecture.
• In the perception layer, number of sensors and actuators are used to gather useful information like
temperature, moisture content, intruder detection, sounds, etc.
• The main function of this layer is to get information from surroundings and to pass data to another
layer so that some actions can be done based on that information.

2. Network Layer :

• As the name suggests, it is the connecting layer between perception and middleware layer.
• It gets data from perception layer and passes data to
middleware layer using networking technologies like 3G, 4G, UTMS, Wi-Fi, infrared, etc.
• This is also called communication layer because it is responsible
for communication between perception and middleware layer.
• All the transfer of data done securely keeping the obtained data confidential.
3.Middleware Layer:
• Middleware Layer has some advanced features like
storage, computation, processing, action taking
capabilities.
• It stores all data-set and based on the device address
and name it gives appropriate data to that device.
• It can also take decisions based on calculations done on
data-set obtained from sensors.
4.Application Layer :
• The application layer manages all application
process based on information obtained from
middleware layer.
• This application involves sending emails, activating alarm,
security system, turn on or off a device,
• smartwatch, smart agriculture, etc.
5.Business Layer :
• The success of any device does not depend only on
technologies used in it but also how it is being delivered to
its consumers.
• Business layer does a few tasks for the device such
as, it involves making flowcharts, graphs, analysis of
results, and how device can be improved, etc.
Technology Behind IoT:
The following entities provide a diverse technology- environment and are examples of technologies,
which are involved in IoT.
● Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM mBed, Bosch XDK110, Beagle
Bone Black and Wireless SoC)
● Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing device software, firmware and APIs
● Protocols RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP
Communication (Powerline Ethernet, RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi,
WiMax, 2G/3G/4G)
● Network backbone (IPv4, IPv6, UDP and 6LowPAN)
● Software (RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT)
● Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre (Sense, ThingWorx, Nimbits, Xively, openHAB, AWS
IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog, EvryThng, Azure, TCS CUP)
● Machine learning algorithms and software.:An example of machine-learning software is GROK
from Numenta Inc. that uses machine intelligence to analyse the streaming data from clouds and
uncover anomalies, has the ability to learn continuously from data and ability to drive action from the
output of GROK’s data models and perform high level of automation for analysing streaming data.
Major Components of IoT System:

• 1.Physical object with embedded software into a hardware.

• 2. Hardware consisting of a microcontroller, firmware, sensors, control
unit, actuators and communication module.
• 3. Communication module: Software consisting of device APIs and
device interface for communication over the network and
communication circuit/port(s), and middleware for creating
communication stacks using 6LowPAN, CoAP, LWM2M, IPv4, IPv6 and
other protocols.
• 4.Software for actions on messages, information and commands
which the devices receive and then output to the actuators, which
enable actions such as glowing LEDs, robotic hand movement etc.
Short range IoT network solutions:

• An important short-range IoT communications Technology. Bluetooth, which has become very important in
computing and many consumer product markets.
• Bluetooth is considered to be the key solution particularly for the future of the wearable electronics market such as
wireless headphones or geolocation sensors, especially given its widespread integration with smartphones.
• Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) protocol or Bluetooth Smart as it is now branded – is a significant protocol for IoT
applications. Importantly, while it offers a similar range to Bluetooth it has been designed to offer significantly
reduced power consumption.
Short range IoT network solutions:

•Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) uses radio waves to transmit small

amounts of data from an RFID tag to a reader within a very short distance.

•RFID is the first IoT applications ever implemented, and it offers till now, the
technology has facilitated a major revolution in retail and logistics.

•The future of RFID technology clearly goes far beyond the simple localization
services, with possible applications ranging from tracking hospital patients to
improving efficiency in healthcare to providing real-time products location data to
minimize out-of-stock situations for retail stores.

•RFID continues to be deep-rooted in the retail sector, enabling new IoT applications
like smart shelves, self-checkout, and smart mirrors.
 Medium range IoT network solutions:

• Wi-Fi connectivity is one of the most popular IoT communication technology.

• One of the IEEE 802.11 family of standards.

• This wireless networking technology allows devices such as computers (laptops and desktops), mobile
devices (smart phones and wearables), and other equipment (printers and video cameras) to
interface with the Internet.

• Internet connectivity occurs through a wireless router.

• Commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet
access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio waves.

• Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) – the newest Wi-Fi generation– brings in greatly enhanced network bandwidth (i.e.
<9.6 Gbps) to improve data throughput per user in congested environments.
 Medium range IoT network solutions:

• ZigBee is similar to Bluetooth, and is majorly used in industrial settings as well as complex systems.

• Zigbee is a short-range, low-power, wireless standard (IEEE 802.15.4), commonly deployed in

mesh topology to extend coverage by relaying sensor data over multiple sensor nodes.
• Applications in traffic management systems, household electronics, and machine industry.

• The latest version of ZigBee is the recently launched 3.0, which is essentially the unification of
the various ZigBee wireless standards into a single standard.

• Z-Wave technology is the new wireless communication protocol for home automation devices. Used in a
variety of smart home applications like lighting, security, entertainment and others, it’s one of
the upcoming new communication standards in the world of IoT.

• Thread employs IPv6 connectivity to enable connected devices to communicate between one another,
access services in the cloud, or interact with the user via Thread mobile applications.
Long Range Wide Area Networks (WAN) solutions:
Sources of IoT:
• Examples of hardware sources for IoT prototype development are
Arduino Yún, Microduino, Beagle Board and RasWIK.
• Hardware prototype needs an IDE for developing device software,
firmware and APIs.
However, for matters of simplicity, we could break down the IoT technology stack into four basic technology
layers involved in making the IoT work.
Popular IoT Development Boards:

• Arduino Yún
• Microduino
• Intel Galileo
• Intel Edison
• Beagle Board
• Raspberry Pi Wireless Inventors Kit (RasWIK)
• IoT Operating Systems – RIOT, Raspbian, AllJoyn, Spark and
Contiki.
M2M Communication:
• Machine-to-machine (M2M) refers to the process of
communication of a physical object or device at machine with others
of the same type, mostly for monitoring but also for control purposes,
• M2M architecture:
• M2M architecture consists of three domains.
• 1. M2M device domain
• 2. M2M network domain
• 3. M2M application domain
M2M Architecture
IoT/M2M SYSTEMS, LAYERS AND DESIGNS STANDARDISATION:

• Modified OSI Model for the IoT/M2M Systems:

ITU-T reference model RM1, its correspondence with six layers of modified OSI and a comparison with seven levels suggested in
CISCO IoT reference model RM2:
ETSI M2M Domains and High-level Capabilities:

• The ETSI network domain has six capabilities and functions:

• 1. M2M applications
• 2. M2M service capabilities
• 3. M2M management functions
• 4. Network management functions
• 5. CoRE network (for example, 3G and IP networks, network
control functions, interconnections among networks)
• 6. Access network (for example, LPWAN (low power wide area
network), WLAN (Wi-Fi) and WiMax networks)
• The ETSI device and gateway domain has the following functional
units:

 Gateway between M2M area network, and CoRE and access

network, possessing M2M service capabilities and applications
M2M area network (for example, Bluetooth, ZigBee NFC, PAN, LAN)

M2M devices
ETSI M2M domain architecture and its high-level capabilities, and its correspondences with
six layers of modified OSI and four layers of ITU-T reference model:
Application and Application Application (Services
Network and Applications)
Domain
(Applications, Application Services and
Support Application-Support
Management,
Service Layer (Generic and
Capabilities, and Specific Support
Core and Access Capabilities)
Networks) Transport
Network Layer
(Transport and
Network Network capabilities)

Device and Gateway Data Device Layer

Domain [Gateway Adaptation (Device and Gateway
(M2M Service Capabilities)
Capabilities, Physical cum
Applications), M2M Data-link
Area Network and M2M Layer
Devices]
Communication Technologies:
• Physical cum data-link layer in the model consists of a local area
network/personal area network.
• A local network of IoT or M2M device deploys one of the two types of
technologies—
• wireless or wired communication technologies.
Connected devices 1st to ith connected to the local network and gateway using the WPAN or LPWAN network protocols:
Wireless Communication Technology-ZigBee IP/ZigBee SE 2.0:
ZigBee end point, coordinator, router, ZigBee IP router nodes forming the star, mesh and IP networks of ZigBee sensors, end
devices, and ZigBee router devices which interconnect to Internet IPv4, IPv6 and cellular networks
Wi-Fi:

Three WLAN networks for sensor device nodes, mobiles, tablets, laptops, computers and Internet connectivity of WLAN networks with the IP4 networks (Dashed lines show wireless connectivity and solid lines
show wired connectivity)
Differences between NFC, BT LE, ZigBee and WLAN protocols
Property NFC BT LE ZigBee IP WLAN 802.11
IEEE Protocol 802.15.1 802.15.4 802.11z
Physical Layer 848, 424, 2.4 GHz (LE-DSSS) 2.4 GHz or 915 MHz, 868 MHz 2.4 GHz Two PHY layers
212, 106 kbps and 433 MHz DSSS MAC layer MAC layer CSMA/CD
CSMA/ CA

Data Transfer Rate 106 kbps 1 Mbps 250 kbps (2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps/54 Mbps
40 kbps 915 MHz,
20 kbps 868.3 MHz
Form Factor and Range 10–20 cm Small Small 10 m to 200 m Bigger

Protocol Stack Small in LE 127 B Bigger than WPAN devices

Power Dissipation Very low Lower than ZigBee, much lower 2 mW Router and Much Higher than ZigBee
than WLAN 802.11 0.1 mW for end- device
Much lower than WLAN
802.11

Set up/ Connection/ 0.1 s 3s 20 ms Connection time

Disconnection Intervals Connection time < 10 ms
< 3 ms

Security — AES-CCM-128 AES-CCM-128 WEP

Applications Payment wallet, WPAN, IoT/M2M WPAN, wider presence in WLAN and WWAN
short distance devices, widely present in mobiles sensors, actuators, network tablet, desktops,
communi- cation and tablets and, need addition controllers, automobile and mobiles, devices with PCMCIA
circuit in sensors, actuators, medical electronic and IoT interface, home networking,
controllers and IoT devices devices connectivity using Easy IPv4 connectivity
IPv6, 6loWPAN, ROLL, RPL
and TLSv1.2

Network Point to point Star topology, peer- to-peer Low power, mesh or peer-to LAN topology IBSS, BSS and
between active and piconet expended by inter- peer star networks using end distributed BSSs for WWLAN
passive devices piconets data transactions and devices, coordinator, router, widely used for Internet
synchronisation ZigBee IP border router connectivity of mobiles, tablets,
desktops
Network P2P mode, Self-configuring, Self- Scalable,
Characteristi card self- healing, self- configuring, interoperability,
cs emulation discovery self-healing, security, integrity
mode and self- discovery and reliability
reader
mode
Passive
neighbour
activation

Broadcast/ Unicast Unicast Unicast/ Unicast

Multicast/Uni multicast
cast
DATA ENRICHMENT, DATA CONSOLIDATION AND DEVICE MANAGEMENT AT GATEWAY:
• A gateway at a data-adaptation layer has several functions.
• These are data privacy, data security, data enrichment, data
consolidation, transformation and device management.
IoT or M2M gateway consisting of data enrichment and consolidation, device management and communication frameworks at the
adaptation layer
Data Management and Consolidation Gateway:

• Gateway includes the provisions for one or more of the following

functions: transcoding and data management. Following are data
management and consolidation functions:
1. Transcoding
2. Privacy, security
3. Integration
4. Compaction and fusion