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17 views9 pages

Chapter 2

Uploaded by

tesewaka3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fundamentals of Database Systems

Chapter Two

Architecture of Database System


Parts of the Architecture
 The following architecture is a standard designed by ANSII and is
applicable to most modern database systems.
 The architecture is composed of three levels:
a) Internal Level
b) Conceptual Level
c) External Level

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Parts of the Architecture…

a) Internal Level

 It is the one closest to physical storage.

That is, it is concerned with the way the data is physically stored.
It is the way the DBMS and the Operating system perceive the data.
It is concerned with how fields are represented, what physical sequence the
stored records are in, …
It deals with assembly and similar language commands.

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Parts of the Architecture…
b) Conceptual/Logical level
It is the community view of the database as seen by the DBA.
This is the next-higher level of abstraction next to internal level that
describes what data are stored in the database, and what relationships exist
among those data.
It includes Entity-Relationship modeling, security and integrity constraints.
Although implementation of the simple structure at the logical level may
involve complex physical-level structures, the user of the logical level does
not need to be aware of this complexity.
The logical level of abstraction is used by database administrators, who must
decide what information should be kept in the database.

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Parts of the Architecture…
c) External/View level
The highest level of abstraction describes only some part of the entire
database.
It is concerned with how individual users view the database.
Despite the use of simpler structures at the logical level, some complexity
remains.
Because of the large size of the database, many users of the database system
will not be concerned with all this information.
 Instead, such users need to access only a part of the database. So that their
interaction with the system is simplified and the view level of abstraction is
defined.
The system provides many views for the same database.

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Parts of the Architecture…

For Example

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Schemas and Instances
Schema
Isthe overall description of the database, include explanation of the database
constraints that should hold on the database.
The three level of schema according their abstraction: entity describes
 External schema: at the external level to describe the various user
views.
 Conceptual schema: at the conceptual level to describe the structure
and constraints for the whole database for a community of users. Uses
a conceptual or an implementation data model.
 Internal schema: at the internal level to describe physical storage
structures and access paths.

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Schemas and Instances…
Instances
 is the collection of data in the database at a particular point of time.
 Also called State or Snap Shot or Extension of the database
 State of database is changed any time we add, delete or update an item.
 Since Instance is actual data of database at some point in time, changes
rapidly.

Mappings
 The DBMS is responsible for mapping between the 3 types of schema.
The conceptual schema is related to the internal schema through a
Conceptual/Internal mapping.
Each External schema is related to the conceptual schema by the
External/Conceptual mapping

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Data Independence
 The ability to modify a schema definition in one level without
affecting a schema definition in the next higher level is called data
independence.
 There are two levels of data independence:
 Physical data Independence:
 is the ability to modify the physical schema without causing application
programs to be rewritten.
 Modifications at the physical level are occasionally necessary to improve
performance.
 Logical data independence:
 is the ability to modify the logical schema without causing application
programs to be rewritten.
 Modifications at the logical level are necessary whenever the logical
structure of the database is altered

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