Introduction to

Design for (Cost Effective) Assembly and

Manufacturing
Purpose Statement

To provide an overview of Design for

Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA)
techniques, which are used to minimize
product cost through design and process
improvements.
Objectives
 Participants will understand:
– Differences and Similarities between Design for
Manufacturing and Design for Assembly
– Describe how product design has a primary
influence
– Basic criteria for Part Minimization
– Quantitative analysis of a design’s efficiency
– Critique product designs for ease of assembly
– The importance of involving production engineers
in DFMA analysis
Design for Assembly
Definition: DFA is the method of design of the
product for ease of assembly.

‘…
Optimization of
the part/system
assembly’

DFA is a tool used to assist the design teams in the design of

products that will transition to productions at a minimum
cost, focusing on the number of parts, handling and ease of
assembly.
Design for Manufacturing
Definition: DFM is the method of design for ease of
manufacturing of the collection of parts that will form
the product after assembly.

‘Optimization of
the
manufacturing
process…’
DFA is a tool used to select the most cost effective
material and process to be used in the production in
the early stages of product design.
 Differences

Design for Assembly (DFA)

 concerned only with reducing product assembly cost
– minimizes number of assembly operations
– individual parts tend to be more complex in design

Design for Manufacturing (DFM)

 concerned with reducing overall part production cost
– minimizes complexity of manufacturing operations
– uses common datum features and primary axes
 Similarities

 Both DFM and DFA seek to reduce material,

overhead, and labor cost.
 They both shorten the product development cycle
time.
 Both DFM and DFA seek to utilize standards to
reduce cost
Terminology

 Design for Manufacturing (DFM) and Design

for Assembly (DFA) are now commonly
referred to as a single methodology, Design
for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) .
What Internal Organization has the most
Influence over Price, Quality, & Cycle Time?

Manufacturing
20 - 30%
Design
70 - 80%
 Knowledge and Learning
Marketing DFSS Cost of Change
Knowledge
High
100 100
90 90
Knowledge of Design
80 80
Percentage

Behavior
70 70
60 60
Process
50 50 Capability
40 40 Knowledg
e
30 30
20 20
Design Freedom
10 to Make Changes 10
Low
Production
Time Into the Design Process
Sequence of Analysis
Concept Design
Optimize
OptimizeDesign
Designfor
for
Part
Part Count
Count and
and
Design for Assembly
Assembly
Assembly

Design for
Manufacturing
Optimize
OptimizeDesign
Designfor
for
Production
ProductionReadiness
Readiness
Detailed Design
 Design for Assembly

DFA is a process that REQUIRES

involvement of Assembly Engineers
Design for Assembly Principles
 Minimize part count
 Design parts with self-locating features
 Design parts with self-fastening features
 Minimize reorientation of parts during assembly
 Design parts for retrieval, handling, & insertion
 Emphasize ‘Top-Down’ assemblies
 Standardize parts…minimum use of fasteners.
 Encourage modular design
 Design for a base part to locate other components
 Design for component symmetry for insertion
DFA Process
Step 1  Product Information: functional requirements
 Functional analysis
 Identify parts that can be standardized
 Determine part count efficiencies
Step 2  Determine your practical part count

Step 3  Identify quality (mistake proofing) opportunities

Step 4  Identify handling (grasp & orientation)
opportunities
Step 5  Identify insertion (locate & secure) opportunities

Step 6  Identify opportunities to reduce secondary operations

Step 7  Analyze data for new design

Benchmark when possible

DFA Analysis Worksheet
Cummins
Tools
 Step One

 Product Information: functional requirements

 Functional analysis
 Identify parts that can be standardized
 Determine part count efficiencies
Considerations/Assumptions

Step One
 The first part is essential (base part)

 Non-essential parts:
– Fasteners
– Spacers, washers, O-rings
– Connectors, leads

 Do not include liquids as parts

(e.g.. glue, gasket sealant, lube)
Part Identification
 List parts in the
order of assembly
 Assign/record part
number
So take it apart!
Count Parts & Interfaces
 List number of parts
(Np)
 List number of
interfaces (Ni)
Your Turn
 List parts in the order of assembly.
 Assign part number to keep up with the part.
 List number of parts (Np)
 List number of interfaces (Ni)
 Determine Theoretical Min. No. of Parts
Current Consider Other
Design Specification Options
Movement

Does the part Is the Must the part

Does the part Is the Must the part
move relative Y movement Y be separate
move relative movement be separate Y
to all other essential for to provide the
to all other essential for to provide the
parts already the product required
parts already the product required
assembled? to function? movement?
assembled? to function? movement?

N N N
Is the part of a Is a different Must the part
Is the part of a Is a different Must the part
Isolation

different material or be separate to

different Y material or Y be separate to
material, or satisfy the Y
material, or isolation satisfy the
isolated from, isolation different
isolated from,
all other parts
essential for different
all other parts
essential for material or
already the product material or
isolation
already the product isolation
assembled? to function? requirement?
assembled? to function? requirement?

N N N
Adjustment or
Replacement

Is the part
Is the part Must the part
separate to Is the Must the part
separate to Y Is the be separate
allow for its adjustment or Y be separate Y
allow for its adjustment or to enable the
in-service replacement to enable the
in-service replacement adjustment or
adjustment or essential? adjustment or
adjustment or essential? replacement?
replacement? replacement?
replacement?

N N N
Non Essential
Non Essential
Essential
Essential Part
Part
Part
Part
 Functional Analysis
Current Design Consider Specification Other Options
Moveme

Does
Doesthe
thepart
partmove
move IsIsthe
themovement
movement Must
Mustthe
thepart
partbe
be
relative to all other Y essential Y Y
relative to all other essentialfor
forthe
the separate to provide
separate to provide
parts
partsalready
already product to
product to the
therequired
required
assembled? function? movement?
nt

assembled? function? movement?

N N N
IsIsthe
thepart
partofofaa Must
Mustthethepart
partbe
Isolatio

IsIsaadifferent
differentmaterial
material be
different
differentmaterial,
material,or separate
or Y or isolation essential Y separate to satisfythe
to satisfy the Y
isolated or isolation essential
isolatedfrom,
from,allall for
different material or
different material or
other forthe
theproduct
producttoto
otherparts
partsalready
already function?
isolation
isolation
n

assembled?
assembled?
function? requirement?
requirement?

N N N
Adjustment

Replaceme

IsIsthe
thepart
partseparate
separate Must
Mustthe
thepart
partbe
be
IsIsthe
theadjustment
adjustmentor
or
to Y Y Y
to allow forits
allow for itsin-
in- separate to enable
separate to enable
or

nt

replacement
replacement
service adjustment
service adjustment the
theadjustment
adjustmentor or
essential?
essential?
or
orreplacement?
replacement? replacement?
replacement?
N N N
Non Essential
NonEssential
Essential Essential
Part
Part Part
Part
 Determine if Parts Can be Standardized

 Can the current parts be

standardized?:
– Within the assembly
station
– Within the full assembly
– Within the assembly plant
– Within the corporation
– Within the industry
 Should they be?
 (Only put a “Y” if both
answers are yes…)
 Theoretical Part Count Efficiency

Theoretical Part
Count Efficiency
=

Theoretical Min. No. Parts

Total Number of Parts * 100

Theoretical Part 1
Count Efficiency =
10 * 100

Theoretical Part
Count Efficiency = 10%
Rule of Thumb – Part
Goal
Goal
Count Efficiency Goal >
60%
 DFA Complexity Factor – Definition
 Cummins Inc. metric for assessing complexity of a
product design
 Two Factors
 Np – Number of parts
 Ni – Number of part-to-part interfaces

– Multiply the two and take the square root of the total

 Np x  Ni

– This is known as the DFA Complexity Factor

 DFA Complexity Factor – Target
Part 3 DCF Np x  Ni
Part 2

DCFt Npt x  Nit

Part 1
Part 4
DCFt x = 6.32
Part 5

 Smaller is better (Minimize Np and Ni)

 Let Npt = Theoretical Minimum Number of parts
– from the Functional Analysis
– Npt = 5
 Let Nit = Theoretical minimum number of part to part interfaces
– Nit = 2(Npt-1)
– Nit = 2(5-1) = 8
 Determine Relative Part Cost Levels
 Subjective estimate
only
 Low/Medium/High
relative to other parts
in the assembly
and/or product line
Cost Breakdown
 Media paper 21.4%
 Centertube 3.6%
 Endplates (2) 3.0%
 Plastisol 2.6%
 Inner Seal 4.0%
 Spring 0.9%
 Shell 31.4%
 Nutplate 21.0%
 Retainer 4.8%
 Loctite 0.3%
 End Seal 7.0%
 Step Two

 Determine Practical Minimum Part Count

 Determine Practical Minimum Part Count
 Team assessment of
practical changes
 Tradeoffs between
part cost and
assembly cost
 Creativity & Innovation
Theoretical Number
of Parts...
‘Blue Sky’

Innovation

Practical & Achievable

Current
Design

Theoretical Min. Practical Min.

No. Parts No. Parts No. Parts
 Cost of Assembly Vs Cost of Part Manufacture

Saving Total Saving

Assembly Saving
(DFA)

Part Manufacture
Optimum Saving (DFM)

Part Count Reduction

 Idea Classification
Implementation Step Two
Long
Term

Medium
Term

Short
Term

Low Medium High

Risk
 Don’t constrain yourself to incremental
improvement unless you have to!

This style doesn’t tear paper like the claw style and is much cheaper
to produce!
 Your Turn...

Steps One
& Two

Instructions
 Product Information:
functional requirements
 Functional analysis
 Identify parts that can be
standardized
 Determine part count
efficiencies
 Determine your practical part
count
Fasteners

Step One

 A study by Ford Motor Co. revealed that

threaded fasteners were the most common
cause of warranty repairs

 This finding is echoed in more recent survey of

automotive mechanics, in which 80% reported
finding loose or incorrect fasteners in cars they
serviced
Component Elimination
Example: Rollbar Redesign
‘..If more than 1/3 of the components in a product
are fasteners, the assembly logic should be
questioned.’

 24 Parts  2 Parts
 8 different parts  2 Manufacturing processes
 multiple mfg. & assembly  one assembly step
processes necessary
 Fasteners: Cummins Engines

Engine Type Number of Number of Percent

Components Fasteners Fasteners
B Series, 6 Cyl 5.9L 1086 436 40%
B Series, 4 Cyl 3.9L 718 331 46%
C Series, 8.3L 1111 486 44%

Data from Munroe & Associates October 2002

 Standard Bolt Sizes
 Minimize extra sizes to both reduce inventory and
eliminate confusion during assembly
Candidates for elim ination

M5 x .8 M6 x 1.0 M8 x 1.25 M10 x 1.5 M11 x 1.25 M12 x 1.25 M12 x 1.75 M14 x 1.5 M16 x 2.0 Qty Required
12mm 0
14mm 2 2
16mm 3 3
20mm 4 8 8 20
25mm 6 6 12
30mm 3 8 11
35mm 10 35 45
39.5mm 32 12 10 4 58
40mm 41 27 6 74
45mm 22 9 1 32
50mm 4 9 25 18 12 68
60mm 13 8 15 36
70mm 6 6
Required 2 7 93 152 75 16 21 0 1 367
 Fastener Cost

 Select the screwing

most
inexpensive
riveting
fastening
method
required plastic bending

snap fit
General Design Principles

Self-fastening features
General Design Principles

Symmetry eliminates reorientation

Asymmetric Part Symmetry of a part

makes assembly easier
General Design Principles
Top-Down Assembly
General Design Principles

Modular Assemblies
1. Imaging
2. Drives
3. Development
4. Transfer/Stripping
5. Cleaning
6. Fusing
7. Charge/Erase
8. Copy Handling
9. Electrical Distribution
10. Photoreceptor
11. Input/Output Devices Xerox photocopier
Eliminated Parts are NEVER…

 Designed  Received
 Detailed  Inspected
 Prototyped  Rejected
 Produced  Stocked
 Scrapped  Outdated
 Tested  Written-off
 Re-engineered  Unreliable
 Purchased  Recycled
 Progressed  late from the supplier!
 Step
Three

 Identify quality (mistake proofing)

opportunities
 Mistake Proofing Issues

 Cannot assemble wrong part

 Cannot omit part
 Cannot assemble part wrong
way around.

symmetrical parts

asymmetrical parts
Mistake Proofing Issues

72 Wiring Harness
Part Numbers
CDC - Rocky Mount,
NC
 Step Four

 Identify handling (grasp & orientation)

opportunities
Quantitative criteria

 Handling Time: based on assembly process

and complexity of parts
– How many hands are required?
– Is any grasping assistance needed?
– What is the effect of part symmetry on assembly?
– Is the part easy to align/position?
Handling Difficulty

 Size
 Thickness
 Weight
 Fragility
 Flexibility
 Slipperiness
 Stickiness
 Necessity for using 1) two hands, 2) optical
magnification, or 3) mechanical assistance
Handling Difficulty

size slipperiness

sharpness flexibility
Eliminate Tangling/Nesting
 Step Five

 Identify insertion (locate & secure)

opportunities
Quantitative criteria

 Insertion time: based on difficulty required

for each component insertion
– Is the part secured immediately upon insertion?
– Is it necessary to hold down part to maintain
location?
– What type of fastening process is used?
(mechanical, thermal, other?)
– Is the part easy to align/position?
 Insertion Issues
 Provide self-aligning & self locating parts
 Insertion Issues
 Ensure parts do not need to be held in position
 Insertion Issues
 Parts are easy to insert.
 Provide adequate access & visibility
 Insertion Issues
 Provide adequate access and visibility
 Step Six

 Identify opportunities to reduce secondary

operations
 Eliminate Secondary Operations
 Re-orientation (assemble in Z axis)
 Screwing, drilling, twisting, riveting, bending,
crimping.

Rivet
 Eliminate Secondary Operations

 Welding, soldering, gluing.

 Painting, lubricating, applying liquid or gas.
 Testing, measuring, adjusting.
Assembly Metrics

Error = Sum all Y’s in Error Columns

Proofing Theoretical Min. No. Parts

Handling = Sum all Y’s in Handling

Columns
Index Theoretical Min. No. Parts
Insertion = Sum all Y’s in Insertion
Columns
Index Theoretical Min. No. Parts
2nd Op. = Sum all Y’s in 2nd Op.
Columns
Index Theoretical Min. No. Parts
 Analyze All Metrics

First consider:
Reduce part count & type Part Count Efficiency
& DFA Complexity Factor
Then think about:
Error Proofing Error Index
Then think about:
Ease of handling Handling Index
Ease of insertion Insertion Index
Eliminate secondary ops. 2nd Op. Index

Set Target Values for These Measures

Your Turn...
Steps
Two - Six

Instructions
Complete the
remaining columns &
calculate your
product’s
Assemblability
Indices
 Step
Seven

 Analyze data for new design

DFA Process
Step 1  Product Information: functional requirements
 Functional analysis
 Identify parts that can be standardized
 Determine part count efficiencies
Step 2  Determine your practical part count

Step 3  Identify quality (mistake proofing) opportunities

Step 4  Identify handling (grasp & orientation)
opportunities
Step 5  Identify insertion (locate & secure) opportunities

Step 6  Identify opportunities to reduce secondary operations

Step 7  Analyze data for new design

Benchmark when possible

 DFA Guidelines
In order of importance:
 Reduce part count & types
 Ensure parts cannot be installed incorrectly
 Strive to eliminate adjustments
 Ensure parts self-align & self-locate
 Ensure adequate access & unrestricted vision
 Ensure parts are easily handled from bulk
 Minimize reorientation (assemble in Z axis) &
secondary operations during assembly
 Make parts symmetrical or obviously asymmetrical
 Understanding Product Costs
Consideration of True Production costs and the
Bill of Material Costs,
Typical Costing Total Cost

Pareto by Part Cost Pareto by Total Cost

1. Castings $$ 1. Fasteners $$$$$
2. Forging $$ 2. -----
3. 3. ------
------- -------
------ ------
------ ------
------- -------
------ ------
n. Fasteners c n. Castings $$
 Selection of Manufacturing Method
Have we selected the Best Technology or Process
to fabricate the parts?

Is
Ishard
hardtooling
toolingRequired...
Required...

Have we selected the best Material needed for

function and cost?

Have
Havewe
welooked
lookedat
atall
all the
thenew
new
Technology
Technologythat
thatis
isavailable
available
Selection of Manufacturing Method
Has the Design Addressed Automation
Possibilities?

Is
Isthe
theProduct
Productconfigured
configured
with
withaccess
accessfor
forand
andthe
the
parts
partsshaped
shapedfor
forthe
the
implementation
implementationofof
automation?
automation?
Understanding Component Features
Part Features that are Critical To the
Products Functional Quality

Every
EveryDrawing
Drawing
Call
Call Out
Outis
isnot
not
Critical
Critical to
to
Function
Functionand and
Quality
Quality
Key DFMA Principles
 Minimize Part Count
 Standardize Parts and Materials
 Create Modular Assemblies
 Design for Efficient Joining
 Minimize Reorientation of parts during Assembly
and/or Machining
 Simplify and Reduce the number of Manufacturing
Operations
 Specify ‘Acceptable’ surface Finishes for
functionality
References

1. Assembly Automation and Product Design

G. Boothroyd, Marcell Dekker, Inc. 1992
2. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly
G. Boothroyd and P. Dewhurst, Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. 1989
Marcell Dekker, Inc. 1994
3. Design and Analysis of Manufacturing Systems
Prof. Rajan Suri University of Wisconsin 1995
4. Product Design for Assembly: The Methodology Applied
G. Lewis and H. Connelly
5. Simultaneous Engineering Study of Phase II Injector Assembly line
Giddings & Lewis 1997
6. Design for Manufacturing Society of Manufacturing Engineers,
(VIDEO)