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    7 The For Loop

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    7 The For Loop

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    7 The for loop

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    6 views24 pages

    7 The For Loop

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    of 24

    The for loop

    Repetition with for loops


    • So far, repeating a statement is redundant:
    System.out.println("Homer says:");
    System.out.println("I am so smart");
    System.out.println("I am so smart");
    System.out.println("I am so smart");
    System.out.println("I am so smart");
    System.out.println("S-M-R-T... I mean S-M-A-R-T");

    • Java's for loop statement performs a task many times.


    System.out.println("Homer says:");
    for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) { // repeat 4 times
    System.out.println("I am so smart");
    }
    System.out.println("S-M-R-T... I mean S-M-A-R-T");
    for loop syntax header
    for (initialization; test; update) {
    statement;
    statement; body
    ...
    statement;
    }

    • Perform initialization once.


    • Repeat the following:
    • Check if the test is true. If not, stop.
    • Execute the statements.
    • Perform the update.
    Initialization
    for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
    System.out.println("I am so smart");
    }

    • Tells Java what variable to use in the loop


    • Performed once as the loop begins

    • The variable is called a loop counter


    • can use any name, not just i
    • can start at any value, not just 1
    Test
    for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
    System.out.println("I am so smart");
    }

    • Tests the loop counter variable against a limit


    • Uses comparison operators:
    < less than
    <= less than or equal to
    > greater than
    >= greater than or equal to
    Increment and decrement
    shortcuts to increase or decrease a variable's value by 1

    Shorthand Equivalent longer version


    variable++; variable = variable + 1;
    variable--; variable = variable - 1;

    int x = 2;
    x++; // x = x + 1;
    // x now stores 3
    double gpa = 2.5;
    gpa--; // gpa = gpa - 1;
    // gpa now stores 1.5
    Modify-and-assign
    shortcuts to modify a variable's value

    Shorthand Equivalent longer version


    variable += value; variable = variable + value;
    variable -= value; variable = variable - value;
    variable *= value; variable = variable * value;
    variable /= value; variable = variable / value;
    variable %= value; variable = variable % value;

    x += 3; // x = x + 3;
    gpa -= 0.5; // gpa = gpa - 0.5;
    number *= 2; // number = number * 2;
    Count up
    • Make a loop count up from 1 to 10 with only 1 system.out.
    Using a for statement (loop should repeat 10 times)
    • Output Should look like
    Start:
    1 for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
    System.out.println(“Sample syntax for
    2 a loop");
    3 }
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    End.
    Count up answer
    • The update can use -- to make the loop count down.
    • The test must say > instead of <

    System.out.print(“Start ");
    for (int i = 1; i >= 10; i++) {
    System.out.print(i);
    }
    System.out.println(“End.");

    • Output:
    T-minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blastoff!
    The end.
    Repetition over a range
    System.out.println("1 squared = " + 1 * 1);
    System.out.println("2 squared = " + 2 * 2);
    System.out.println("3 squared = " + 3 * 3);
    System.out.println("4 squared = " + 4 * 4);
    System.out.println("5 squared = " + 5 * 5);
    System.out.println("6 squared = " + 6 * 6);
    • Intuition: "I want to print a line for each number from 1 to 6"

    • The for loop does exactly that!


    for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
    System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
    }

    • "For each integer i from 1 through 6, print ..."


    Loop walkthrough
    1 2 3
    for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
    4 System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
    }
    5 System.out.println("Whoo!"); 1

    2
    Output:
    1 squared = 1 4
    2 squared = 4
    3 squared = 9 3
    4 squared = 16
    5
    Whoo!
    Multi-line loop body
    System.out.println("+----+");
    for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
    System.out.println("\\ /");
    System.out.println("/ \\");
    }
    System.out.println("+----+");

    • Output:
    +----+
    \ /
    / \
    \ /
    / \
    \ /
    / \
    +----+
    Expressions for counter
    int highTemp = 5;
    for (int i = -3; i <= highTemp / 2; i++) {
    System.out.println(i * 1.8 + 32);
    }

    • Output:
    26.6
    28.4
    30.2
    32.0
    33.8
    35.6
    System.out.print
    • Prints without moving to a new line
    • allows you to print partial messages on the same line

    int highestTemp = 5;
    for (int i = -3; i <= highestTemp / 2; i++) {
    System.out.print((i * 1.8 + 32) + " ");
    }

    • Output:
    26.6 28.4 30.2 32.0 33.8 35.6

    • Concatenate " " to separate the numbers


    Counting down
    • The update can use -- to make the loop count down.
    • The test must say > instead of <

    • Output:
    T-minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blastoff!
    The end.
    Counting down answer
    • The update can use -- to make the loop count down.
    • The test must say > instead of <

    System.out.print("T-minus ");
    for (int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) {
    System.out.print(i + ", ");
    }
    System.out.println("blastoff!");
    System.out.println("The end.");

    • Output:
    T-minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blastoff!
    The end.
    Nested for loops
    How would we create this?
    • Output:
    **********
    **********
    **********
    **********
    **********
    We know how to do this
    * same as 1
    * just with 2
    * a character 3
    * 4
    * 5

    • The outer loop repeats 5 times; the inner one 10 times.


    – "sets and reps" exercise analogy
    Nested loops
    The outer loop repeats 5 times; the inner one 10 times.
    "sets and reps" exercise analogy

    Output:
    **********
    **********
    **********
    **********
    **********

    For this we must put a for loop in a for loop.


    Nested loops
    • nested loop: A loop placed inside another loop.
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) {
    System.out.print("*");
    }
    System.out.println(); // to end the line
    }

    • Output:
    **********
    **********
    **********
    **********
    **********

    • The outer loop repeats 5 times; the inner one 10 times.


    • "sets and reps" exercise analogy
    Nested for loop exercise
    • What is the output of the following nested for loops?
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
    System.out.print("*");
    }
    System.out.println();
    }

    • Output:
    *
    **
    ***
    ****
    *****
    Nested for loop exercise
    • What is the output of the following nested for loops?
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
    System.out.print(i);
    }
    System.out.println();
    }

    • Output:
    1
    22
    333
    4444
    55555
    Common errors
    • Both of the following sets of code produce infinite loops:
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
    for (int j = 1; i <= 10; j++) {
    System.out.print("*");
    }
    System.out.println();
    }

    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {


    for (int j = 1; j <= 10; i++) {
    System.out.print("*");
    }
    System.out.println();
    }
    For Loop Activity
    Create a program that asks a user what their name is, and then asks the user
    for their 4 semester marks. It would then output the users name and avg, and
    then loops to the next user until 5 are done.(5 users in total)

    If your stumped. Start with 1 user first. Then work on looping it

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