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Introduction To GIS

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38 views24 pages

Introduction To GIS

Uploaded by

marksanting13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Geographic
information System
(GIS)
Meet your instructor
Name: Mark Santing
Subject: Introduction to GIS

09101764905

[email protected]
What is GIS?
Geographic Information System
A set of tools for

• Collecting
• Storing
• Manipulating
• Retrieving
• Transforming and Display of Spatial
• Data from the Real World
What is GIS?
GEOGRAPHIC
implies that locations of the data items are known, or can be
calculated, in terms of Geographic coordinates (Latitude,
Longitude)
INFORMATION
implies that the data in a GIS are organized to yield useful
knowledge, often as colored maps and images, but also as
statistical graphics, tables, and various on-screen responses to
interactive queries. Example Detailed map, US counties | Highcharts.com
SYSTEM
implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-related and
linked components with different functions. Thus, GIS have
functional capabilities for data capture, input, manipulation,
transformation, visualization, combinations, query, analysis,
modelling and output.
What is GIS?
GIS = Geographic Information System
– Links databases and maps
– Manages information about places
– Helps answer questions such as:
• Where is it?
• What else is nearby?
• Where is the highest concentration of ‘X’?
• Where can I find things with characteristic ‘Y’?
• Where is the closest ‘Z’ to my location?
What is GIS?

• A technology

– hardware & software tools

• An information handling strategy

• The objective: to improve overall decision making


GIS: a formal definition

“A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating,


analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the
Earth. This is normally considered to involve a spatially referenced
computer database and appropriate applications software”
History of GIS
Within the last five decades, GIS has
evolved from a concept to a science. The
phenomenal evolution of GIS from a
rudimentary tool to a modern, powerful
platform for understanding and planning our
world is marked by several key milestones.
GIS Today
GIS gives people the ability to create their
own digital map layers to help solve real-
world problems. GIS has also evolved into a
means for data sharing and collaboration,
inspiring a vision that is now rapidly becoming
a reality—a continuous, overlapping, and
interoperable GIS database of the world,
about virtually all subjects. Today, hundreds
of thousands of organizations are sharing
their work and creating billions of maps every
day to tell stories and reveal patterns, trends,
and relationships about everything.
Why is GIS unique?

• GIS handles SPATIAL information


– Information referenced by its location in space
• GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity
GIS concepts
GIS: historical background
This technology has developed from:
– Digital cartography(Digital mapping) and CAD( computer-aided
design)

– Data Base Management Systems


Geography and Databases

A GIS stores information about the world as a collection


of thematic layers that can be linked together by
geography

Polygon 3 Scrub 17 Very high Clay


GIS provides Data Integration
107’
Vectors
 Roads Topology Dimensions
 Land Parcels
 Population Surveys
 Utilities ABC

 Land Mines Networks


 Hospitals Images Annotation
 Refugee Camps CAD
 Drawings
Wells 27 Main St.

 Sanitation
3D Objects Attributes
Addresses
Terrain
GIS Areas
Geo Sciences Remote Sensing
Civil Engineering Image processing
Transportation Urban & Rural Development
Natural resources Floods , Disasters
Geology & Geophysics Oil exploration
Environment Mines
Planning Surveys
Administration Watershed management
Management Tourism
Business Communications
Applications of GIS
GIS used in multiple disciplines:
•Urban Planning, Management & Policy Locating underground facilities
• Zoning, subdivision planning Designing alignment for freeways,
• Land acquisition transit
• Economic development Coordination of infrastructure
• Code enforcement maintenance
• Housing renovation programs Business
• Emergency response Demographic Analysis
• Crime analysis Market Penetration/ Share Analysis
• Tax assessment Site Selection
• Environmental Sciences Education Administration
• Monitoring environmental risk Attendance Area Maintenance
• Modeling storm water runoff Enrollment Projections
• Management of watersheds, floodplains, School Bus Routing
wetlands, forests, aquifers Real Estate
• Environmental Impact Analysis Neighborhood land prices
• Hazardous or toxic facility siting Traffic Impact Analysis
• Groundwater modeling and contamination Determination of Highest and Best Use
tracking Health Care
•Political Science
Epidemiology
• Redistricting Needs Analysis
• Analysis of election results Service Inventory
Civil Engineering/Utility
Two fundamental types of data

Vector
 A series of x,y coordinates
 For discrete data represented as points, lines,
polygons

Raster
 Grid and cells
 For continuous data such as elevation, slope,
surfaces

A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both types of


data effectively!
Data Representation

Raster

Vector

Real World
THANK YOU

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