Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 1 – Introduction

Lecture slides by Saidur Rahman

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 Data communication &
Networking
 Data communication deals with the
transmission of signals in a reliable &
efficient matter.
 Networking deals with the technology &
architecture of the communications
networks used to interconnect
communicating devices.

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 Purpose of Data
Communication
 The fundamental purpose of data
communications is to exchange
information between user's computers,
terminals and applications programs. ! In
its simplest form data
communications takes place between
two devices that are directly connected by
some form of point-to-point transmission
medium
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A Communications Model

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 A Communications Model
 Source: This device generates the data to
be transmitted. Ex: Telephone & PC
 Transmitter: A Transmitter transforms and
encodes the information in such a way as
to produce electromagnetic signals that
can be transmitted across some sort of
transmission system.

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 A Communications Model
 Transmission system: This can be a single
transmission line or a complex network
connecting source and destination.
 Receiver: The Receiver accepts the signal
from the transmission system and converts
it into a form that can be handled by the
destination device.
 Destination: Takes the incoming data from
the receiver.
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Data Communications Model

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 Characterictics of Data
Transmission
 Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some
form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. For
data communications to occur,
the communicating devices must be part of a
communication system made up of a combination of
hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs).
 The effectiveness of a data communications system
depends on four fundamental characteristics: delivery,
accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.

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 I. Delivery.The system must deliver data to the correct destination. Data must be
received by the intended device or user and only by that device or user.

2. Accuracy. The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that have been
altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.

3. Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late
are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as
they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without significant
delay. This kind of delivery is called real-time transmission.

4. Jitter. Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in
the delivery of audio or video packets. For example, let us assume that video packets
are sent every 3D ms. If some of the packets arrive with 3D-ms delay and others with
4D-ms delay, an uneven quality in the video is the result.

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 Computer Network
 A computer network, or simply a network, is a
collection of computers and other hardware
interconnected by communication channels that allow
sharing of resources and information. Where at least one
process in one device is able to send/receive data
to/from at least one process residing in a remote device,
then the two devices are said to be in a network.
 A network is a group of devices connected to each other.
Networks may be classified into a wide variety of
characteristics, such as the medium used to transport
the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology,
benefit, and organizational scope.
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 Uses of Network
 File Sharing
 Printer/Peripheral sharing
 Internet connection sharing
 Multiplayer games
 Internet telephone service
 Home entertainment

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 Categories of Network
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN

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 Wide Area Networks
 span a large geographical area
 cross public rights of way
 rely in part on common carrier circuits
 alternative technologies used include:
 circuit switching
 packet switching
 frame relay
 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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 WAN
 A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a
broad area (i.e., any telecommunications network that
links across metropolitan, regional, or national
boundaries) using private or public network transports.
Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay
data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers
from various geographical locations. In essence, this
mode of telecommunication allows a business to
effectively carry out its daily function regardless of
location. The Internet can be considered a WAN as well,
and is used by businesses, governments, organizations,
and individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.[1]
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 Local Area Networks
 smaller scope
 Building or small campus
 usually owned by same organization as
attached devices
 data rates much higher
 switched LANs, eg Ethernet
 wireless LANs

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 LAN
 A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that
interconnects computers in a limited area such as a
home, school, computer laboratory, or office building
using network media.[1] The defining characteristics of
LANs, in contrast to wide area networks (WANs), include
their usually higher data-transfer rates, smaller
geographic area, and lack of a need for
leased telecommunication lines.
 ARCNET, Token Ring and other technology standards
have been used in the past, but Ethernet over
twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common
technologies currently used to build LANs.
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 Metropolitan Area Networks
 MAN
 middle ground between LAN and WAN
 private or public network
 high speed
 large area

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 MAN
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that
usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a
number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone
technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to
wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.
 The IEEE 802-2002 standard describes a MAN as being:[1]
 “A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN,
ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also
depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates.
A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it
usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs
might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often
provide means for internetworking of local networks.

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 Data Transmission
 Data transmission is the process of sending
digital or analog data over a communication
medium to one or more computing, network,
communication or electronic devices. It
enables the transfer and communication of
devices in a point-to-point, point-to-multipoint
and multipoint-to-multipoint environment.
 Data transmission is also known as digital
transmission or digital communications.
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Network connection types

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Peer to Peer Network

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 Peer to Peer Network
 Peer to peer is an approach to computer
networking where all computers share
equivalent responsibility for processing data.
Peer-to-peer networking (also known simply
as peer networking) differs from client-
server networking, where certain devices
have responsibility for providing or "serving"
data and other devices consume or
otherwise act as "clients" of those servers.
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 Characteristics of Peer to
Peer Network
 Peer to peer networking is common on small local area networks
(LANs), particularly home networks.
 Both wired and wireless home networks can be configured as peer
to peer environments.
 Computers in a peer to peer network run the same networking
protocols and software. Peer networks are also often situated
physically near to each other, typically in homes, small businesses
or schools. Some peer networks, however, utilize the Internet and
are geographically dispersed worldwide.
 Home networks that utilize broadband routers are hybrid peer to
peer and client-server environments. The router provides
centralized Internet connection sharing, but file, printer, and other
resource sharing are managed directly between the local computers
involved.
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 Direction Of Transmission
 Simplex – radio, tv
 Half-Duplex- Walki -Talki
 Full-Duplex- mobile simplex
 one direction
• eg. television
 half duplex
 either direction, but only one way at a time
• eg. police radio
 full duplex
 both directions at the same time
• eg. telephone
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 Internet
 The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks that use
the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
to link several billion devices worldwide. It is a
network of networks[1] that consists of millions
of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global scope,
linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless,
and optical networking technologies
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 Application of Internet
 E-mail
 News
 Remote login
 FileTransfer
 WWW

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 Intranet
 An intranet is a private network, accessible
only to an organization's staff.Generally a
wide range of information and services
from the organization's internal IT systems
are available that would not be available to
the public from the Internet.. In its simplest
form an intranet is established with the
technologies for local area networks
(LANs) and wide area networks (WANs)
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 Extranet
 An extranet is a website that allows
controlled access to partners, vendors and
suppliers or an authorized set of
customers - normally to a subset of the
information accessible from an
organization's intranet.

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 Computer Networking
Devices
 http://www.slideshare.net/
RAJESHSADHUKHA01/computer-
networking-devices-16572482

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 Summary
 introduced data communications needs
 communications model
 defined data communications
 overview of networks
 introduce Internet

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