Midterms Lecture Chapter 4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

Presented by:
Engr. Kristelle Ann V. Ginez, MECE
1 2 3 4
Euler’s critical Factors affecting Code provisions for
End conditions and
load, critical the allowable allowable
slenderness ratio
stress compressive stress compressive stress
5 6 7 8
Evaluation of
Use of available Column and built-up ASD and LRFD of
allowable axial tables in manuals for sections, evaluation
compressive load for axially-loaded
allowable concentric of allowable compression
any structural shape loads concentric load
and slenderness members
INTRODUCTION
Links from CE Box:

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5-rj23AEMNitzKI7m-zZYcyiYKQnQ-Wo
Links from DeanZano (for other option)

https://youtu.be/DN1AYEFLy4c?list=PLNv0wQJNOT48u0OV-ZyhJ-M-4MVahZtt_
https://youtu.be/DN1AYEFLy4c?list=PLNv0wQJNOT48u0OV-ZyhJ-M-4MVahZtt_
INTRODUCTION
Compression members are structural elements that are subjected only to axial
compressive forces.
- the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member
cross section
STRESS
f = (assumed to be uniform over the entire cross - section)
P = magnitude of the load

A = cross-sectional area (the area normal to the load)
INTRODUCTION
The most common type of compression member occurring in buildings and

bridges is the column, a vertical member whose primary function is to support
vertical loads. In many instances, these members are also subjected to bending,
and in these cases, the member is a beam–column.
Compression members are also used in trusses and as components of bracing

systems. Smaller compression members not classified as columns are sometimes
referred to as struts.
When steel is used as material for compression member, the section required is
usually small resulting to a slender member. This makes the steel compression
member susceptible to “flexural buckling”.
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF COLUMNS
Based on Length
1. Short Columns – the failure will be crushing without
buckling
2. Intermediate Columns – some of the points will yield and

the member will fail by a combination of yielding and
buckling.
3. Long Columns – the member will buckle without reaching

the proportional limit. The longer the column is, the larger
chance that it will buckle and the smaller load it can support.
The tendency to buckle is measured through the slenderness
ratio (𝐿/𝑟)of the member. And as the slenderness ratio
increases, the capacity of the column decreases.
Column Theory
Considering the column in the figure, where it will

be subjected to an axial load P until it will be
unstable. The column buckled, and the
corresponding load that caused the column to
buckle is the critical buckling load.
For the equation from the next slide to be valid,

the member must be elastic, and its ends must be
free to rotate but not translate laterally. This end
condition is satisfied by hinges or pins, as shown
in Figure 4.2. This remarkable relationship was
first formulated by Swiss mathematician
Leonhard Euler and published in 1759. The
critical load is sometimes referred to as the Euler
load or the Euler buckling load.
Column Theory
Critical Buckling Load/ Euler Load/ Euler Buckling Load/ Critical Axial Compression
Pcr =
E = Modulus of Elasticity
I = Moment of Inertia of the cross-sectional area
with respect to the minor principal axis
L = length of the member between points of
support
Pcr = load that is just large enough to maintain the deflected shape when the
temporary load is removed
Column Theory
Critical Buckling Load/ Euler Load/ Euler

Buckling Load
What is buckling?
Buckling occurs when a straight column

subjected to axial compression suddenly
undergoes bending as shown in the Figure a.
Buckling is identified as a failure limit-state
for columns
Column Theory
Pcr =
n in the figure correspond to

different buckling modes. Values of
n larger than 1 are not possible
unless the compression member is
physically restrained from
deflecting at the points where the
reversal of curvature wold occur.
Column Theory
Pcr = = =
A = cross-sectial area
r = radius of gyration with respect to the axis of buckling
L/r = slenderness ratio
If the critical load is divided by the cross-sectional area, the

critical buckling stress is obtained:
Fcr = = (Critical Compressive Stress)

Examples
Compression Members
Early researchers soon found that Euler’s

equation did not give reliable results for stocky,
or less slender, compression members. The
reason is that the small slenderness ratio for
members of this type causes a large buckling
stress
This difficulty was initially resolved by Friedrich
Engesser, who proposed in 1889 the use of a
variable tangent modulus, Et,
Effective length
Both the Euler and tangent modulus

equations are based on the following
assumptions:
1. The column is perfectly straight, with no

initial crookedess.
2. The load is axial, with no eccentricity.
3. The column is pinned at both ends.
Effective length is the column’s length where

buckling occurs. Columns have different
support conditions that cause different
efficiency of a column
Note: Mode of failure considered so far is

referred to as Flexural Buckling
Effective length
consider a compression member

pinned at one end and fixed against
rotation and translation at the other,
as shown in the figure. The Euler
equation for this case, derived in the
same manner is
SECTION 505 DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMPRESSION
NSCP REQUIREMENTS
AISC REQUIREMENTS
LOCAL STABILITY
The strength corresponding to any overall buckling mode , however, such as flexural
buckling, cannot be developed if the elements of the cross section are so thin that
local buckling occurs.
Types of Elements
1. Unstiffend elements - unsupported along one edge parallel to the direction of
load
2. Stiffened elements - supported along both edges
LOCAL STABILITY
LOCAL STABILITY
LOCAL STABILITY
LOCAL STABILITY
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
DESIGN
The selection of an
economical rolled
shape to resist a given
compressive load is
simple with the aid of
the column load tables.
EXAMPLE
DESIGN
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE

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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

FOR AXIAL COMPRESSION

Links from CE Box:

Links from DeanZano (for other option)

P = magnitude of the load

The most common type of compression member occurring in buildings and

Compression members are also used in trusses and as components of bracing

2. Intermediate Columns – some of the points will yield and

3. Long Columns – the member will buckle without reaching

Considering the column in the figure, where it will

For the equation from the next slide to be valid,

Critical Buckling Load/ Euler Load/ Euler

Buckling occurs when a straight column

n in the figure correspond to

If the critical load is divided by the cross-sectional area, the

Fcr = = (Critical Compressive Stress)

Early researchers soon found that Euler’s

Both the Euler and tangent modulus

1. The column is perfectly straight, with no

Effective length is the column’s length where

Note: Mode of failure considered so far is

consider a compression member

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