Scribd
Upload
24 views63 pages

Lecture 6 - 2021 June

Uploaded by

Richard Miller
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views63 pages

Lecture 6 - 2021 June

Uploaded by

Richard Miller
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 63

EC1022 – Electrical Systems

Nimsiri Abhayasinghe
PhD(Curtin), MSc(Moratuwa), BSc Eng (Hons)
(Moratuwa)
Subashini De Silva
MSc(Colombo), Beng (Hons) (SHU)
Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering
AC Fundamentals
2

Chapters 10, 11, 13, 15 & 16 of the


reference book
Basic Components in ac Circuits
3

Capacitors and Inductors


 Construction and different types were discussed before
Capacitors
4

– dielectric constant
A – cross section area
d – space between plates
Capacitors in Parallel
5
Capacitors in Series
6
Capacitor Voltage Divider
7
Voltage-Current Relationship of a Capacitor
8
Capacitor Charging
9
Capacitor Discharging
10
Time Constant
11
Inductors
12

L – Self Inductance
Inductors in Series and Parallel
13
Alternating Current (AC)
14

DC AC
AC Voltage and Current
15
AC Generation
16
AC Sign Convention
17
 For voltage, when e has a
positive value, its actual
polarity is the same as the
reference polarity, and when
e has a negative value, its
actual polarity is opposite to
that of the reference.
 For current, when i has a
positive value, its actual
direction is the same as the
reference arrow, and when i
has a negative value, its
actual direction is opposite to
that of the reference.
Upper Case – Lower Case Convention
18

Upper case (E, V, I) – time invariant parameters


Lower case (e, v, i) – time varying parameters
Frequency
19
The number of cycles per
second of a waveform is
defined as its
frequency.
Frequency is denoted by
the lowercase letter f.
In the SI system, its unit
is the hertz (Hz, named
in honor of pioneer
researcher Heinrich
Hertz, 1857–1894).
Period
20
The period, T, of a
waveform, is the
duration of one cycle.
Amplitude and Peak-to-Peak Value
21
The amplitude of a sine
wave is the distance from
its average to its peak ().
Peak-to-peak voltage
is measured between
minimum and maximum
peaks.
Peak-to-peak voltages
are usually denoted as Ep-
p or Vp-p. Some times it is
denoted as Vpk-pk.
Peak Value
22
The peak value of a
voltage or current is its
maximum value with
respect to zero.
For the case indicated,
the peak voltage is
.
Effective Values
23

An effective value is an equivalent dc value: it tells


you how many volts or amps of dc that a time-
varying waveform is equal to in terms of its ability
to produce average power.
Effective values are also called rms values.
Effective Values for Sine Waves
24
Effective Values for Sine Waves
25
RMS – Root Mean Square
26

√
𝑇
1
𝑉 rms = ∫
𝑇 0
2
𝑣 𝑑𝑡

Root Mean Square


Representing Sine Waves
27
A sinusoidal waveform
can be represented
mathematically as:
Radian Measure
28
Relationship between ω, T, and f
29
Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents as Functions of Time
30
Voltages and Currents with Phase Shifts
31

If a sine wave does not pass through zero at t = 0 s as


in the figure, it has a phase shift.
Phasors to Represent Sinusoids
32

A phasor is a rotating line whose projection on a


vertical axis can be used to represent sinusoidally
varying quantities.
33
34
Phase Difference
35

Phase difference refers to the angular


displacement between different waveforms of the
same frequency.
Phase Difference
36

The terms lead and lag can be understood in terms


of phasors.
Resistance and Sinusoidal AC
37
For a purely resistive
circuit, current and
voltage are in phase.
Inductance and Sinusoidal AC
38

For a purely inductive circuit, current lags voltage


by 90° (i.e., 1⁄4 cycle).
Phasors of Inductor
39

Taking IL as reference
Inductive Reactance, XL
40
Capacitance and Sinusoidal AC
41

For a purely capacitive circuit, current leads voltage


by 90°
Phasors of a Capacitor
42
Capacitive Reactance, XC
43

XC varies inversely with frequency.


Values shown are for C = 0.05 μF.
Complex Numbers
44
Complex Numbers
45

Reciprocal
Complex Numbers in AC Analysis
46
Complex Numbers in AC Analysis
47
Impedance
48
The opposition that a
circuit element presents
to current in the phasor
domain is defined as its
impedance.
Impedance
49
Impedances in Series
50
Impedances in Series
51
Example
52
Find ZT for the circuit.
AC Parallel Circuits
53

Admittance,
Phasor Diagrams
54

E.g. 1: Draw the phasor diagram for the circuit


shown. (RL Circuit)
Phasor Diagrams
55

E.g. 2: Draw the phasor diagram for the circuit


shown. (RC Circuit)
Phasor Diagrams
56

E.g. 3: Draw the phasor diagram for the circuit


shown. (LCR Circuit) XL > XC
Phasor Diagrams
57

E.g. 4: Draw the phasor diagram for the circuit


shown. (LCR Circuit) XL < XC
Some more circuits
58
Some more circuits
59
Some more circuits
60
Some more circuits
61
Some more circuits
62
Some more circuits
63

You might also like