Scribd
Upload
21 views44 pages

Lecture 2 - 2021 June

Uploaded by

Richard Miller
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views44 pages

Lecture 2 - 2021 June

Uploaded by

Richard Miller
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 44

EC1022 – Electrical Systems

Nimsiri Abhayasinghe
PhD(Curtin), MSc(Moratuwa), BSc Eng (Hons)
(Moratuwa)
Subashini De Silva
MSc(Colombo), BEng (Hons) (SHU)
Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering
Assembling a Circuit
2

You might do this… This is preferred…


Ohm’s Law, Power and Energy
3

Chapter 4 of the reference book


Voltage and Current
4

Definition of Voltage
the voltage between two points is one volt if it requires one joule of energy to move one
coulomb of charge from one point to the other

Definition of Current
one ampere is the current in a circuit when one coulomb of charge passes a given point in
one second

• Alternating Current – AC
• Direct Current - DC
Constant Voltage & Current Sources
5

Ideal Actual

Voltage Source Voltage Source

Current Source Current Source


Ohm’s Law
6

Georg Simon Ohm has determined


experimentally that current in a resistive circuit is
directly proportional to its applied voltage and
inversely proportional to its resistance.
7
Example
8

The lamp of the figure draws 25 mA when connected


to a 6-V battery. What is its resistance?
Source Conversion
9

A voltage source consists with a series resistance and a


current source consists with a shunt resistance as shown
below.
Exercise
10

1. If 125 μA is the current in a resistor with color


bands red, red, yellow, what is the voltage across
the resistor?
2. The current through each resistor of the figure is .
Compute V1 and V2.
Ohm’s Law in Graphical Form
11
Current Representation
12
Sign Convention of Direction of Current
13

Passive (Loads) Active (Sources)


Power
14

Power is defined as the rate of doing work or,


equivalently, as the rate of transfer of energy.

In electrical and electronic systems


Example
15

Compute the power supplied to the electric heater of


the figure using all three electrical power formulas.
Exercise
16

Compute the power to each resistor in the figure.

If a dc motor draws 6 A from a 120-V source,


 Compute its power input in watts.
 Assuming the motor is 100% efficient, compute its power
output in horsepower.
Energy
17

Using the definition of power used earlier, energy


can be given as:

Units: watt-seconds (i.e., joules, J) or watthours


(Wh)
Law of Conservation of Energy
18

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but is


instead converted from one form to another.
Efficiency
19

The efficiency of a device or system is defined as


the ratio of power output Pout to power input Pin, and
it is usually expressed in percent and denoted by the
Greek letter η (eta).

In terms of energy,
Example
20

A 120-V dc motor draws 12 A and develops an output


power of 1.6 hp.
a. What is its efficiency?
b. How much power is wasted?
Efficiency of a Cascaded System
21
Nonlinear and Dynamic Resistances
22
Basic DC Analysis
23

• Series Circuits
• Parallel Circuit
• Series-Parallel Circuits
• Circuit Analysis
• Network Theorems
Series, Parallel and Series-
Parallel Circuits
24

Chapters 5-7 of the reference book


A Series Circuit
25

Two elements are said to be in


series if they are connected at a
single point and if there are no
other current-carrying
connections at this point.
A series circuit is constructed
by combining various elements
in series, as shown in the figure.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
26

The summation of voltage rises and voltage drops


around a closed loop is equal to zero.

Alternatively: The summation of voltage


rises is equal to the summation of voltage
drops around a closed loop.
KVL
27

𝐸 −𝑉 1 −𝑉 2 − 𝑉 3 =0
Example
28
A Parallel Circuit
29

 Elements or branches are said to be in a parallel connection when


they have exactly two nodes in common. Additionally, these parallel
elements or branches will have the same voltage across them.
Series-Parallel Combinations
30
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
31

The summation of currents entering a node is equal


to the summation of currents leaving the node.
Example
32
Determine the
magnitude and correct
direction of the currents
I3 and I5 for the network
of the figure.
Voltage Sources in Parallel
33
Resistor Combinations
34
Resistors in series Resistors in Parallel
Resistor Combinations
35
Voltage Divider Rule
36

 The voltage drop across any series resistor is proportional to its


magnitude and also the total voltage drop across all the resistors must
equal to the applied voltage source by KVL

 The total voltage across a series string is divided among the resistors
according to a simple ratio.
Current Divider Rule
37

𝑅2
𝐼 1= ×𝐼
𝑅1 + 𝑅 2
Series Parallel Circuits
38
The same current occurs
through all series
elements.
The same voltage occurs
across all parallel
elements.
Example
39
Consider the circuit of
the figure.
a. Find RT.
b. Calculate I1, I2, and I3.
c. Determine the voltages
V1 and V2.
Solution
40
Using current divider rule

Using Ohm’s law

41
Exercise
42
Consider the circuit of
the figure.
a. Find the total resistance
RT “seen” by the source
E.
b. Calculate IT, I1, and I2.
c. Determine the voltages
V2 and V4.
Simplification…
43
Even more complex circuits may be there…
44

Circuit analysis techniques can be used to make the analysis of


complex circuits easier. We will discuss those techniques in the
coming lectures.

You might also like