Unit 5 Data Modelling

Task 1
Ameerah Ashagbe
Introduction
I have been informed to help resolve Bett’s Fine Cheese
company's currency exchange rate issue. And to help
predict their sales for their product as it fluctuates
depending on the economic growth (when growth is good
and less well when it is poor) Which will be resolved
through data modelling.
Data Modelling requires seven stages for a suitable solution
and evaluation which are the following
The Seven stages of Decision Making

01 Understanding the Scenerio

Gives context to your spreadsheet extremely fundamental as it’s the starting
04 Analysing Information
point of the spreadsheet and allows a better understanding of your tasks. The
scenario provides knowledge for the purpose of your spreadsheet alongside
You can describe the topic of the
the requirements its need to do . Understanding the scenario is crucial as it’s section here
the start of the spreadsheet and if done incorrectly the whole data model will
be inaccurate

02 Identifying Sources
05 a)Identifying alternatives and
b) the consequences of implementing them
You can describe the topic of the
You can describe the topic of the
section here
section here

03
Recognition of factors
effecting the quality
06 Making & Justifying the decision

You can describe the topic of the You can describe the topic of the
section here section here

07 Communication
You can describe the topic of the
section here
Understanding The Scenario
The scenario gives context to your spreadsheet and is extremely fundamental as it’s the
starting point of the spreadsheet and allows a better understanding of your tasks. The scenario
provides knowledge for the purpose of your spreadsheet alongside the requirements its need
to do . Understanding the scenario is crucial as it’s the start of the spreadsheet steps and if
done incorrectly the whole data model will be inaccurate.
An example: Say if you oversaw a small bookstores and wanted to create a
spreadsheets that organised sales, book and profit, you as the owner would have to
know which books are selling well and other factors.. You would have to break this
problem down . The issues is trying to keep track of products and
the goal is to create a spreadsheet. With this knowledge the spreadsheet would need to
contain book titles, stock, sales, profits and more as it needs to meet the
specifics
 Identifying Sources and Relevant
Information
Allows you to source the needed infomation for your spreadsheet rhat will be use for
data model this can be externally or internally sourced such as from the scencerio
However some steps must be made to authenticate your infomation:
● Data Sources:
- After understanding the information you must check if the source is reliable and
high quality if it
● Organise Data:
- Structure your data in a way so its easy for your data model(Spreadsheet)
● Which data is important:
- Deterime which info is curical for your spreadsheets

Example: When writing an essay you would create indivdual headers that are
relevant to your topic
 03
Factors affecting the quality of Information
The information used must be correct as it affects the quality of the
spreadsheet and is very crucial
Is one of the most important factors of the data as it controls the quality of the
spreadsheet and overall, the effectiveness of the plan there are 3 factors that must
be used when choosing your data:

• Currency of data
-Currency of data is how relevant the data is. Evidently the more current the data the more
trustworthy and useful it is in compassion to data that is old. Old data should be avoided as it’s lost its
current and can be incorrect which can lead to errors in your spreadsheet and leave the evaluation
incorrect.
• Accuracy of Data
-How accurate the data is in errors such as the context, spelling and how detailed it is. Accurate data
can produce a good useful model. Else errors
• External Factors
-Factors that occur outside your model that you have no control over but influences your information
quality. Example a grocery shop could have a data model based on their meat produce based of sales
from last month. An external factor would be there was a problem with shipment and there is less
produce than anticipated resulting in a loss of sales and profit in comparison to the last month.
Making the data model inaccurate to no faults of anyone's.
 Analysing Information
Is need to understand which data needs to be sourced and how they can be
processed. Examining collected data to the point where you can find patterns
that form for data modelling . Examples of analysing information is
understanding, evaluating, erros and trends. Once trends are analysed
relationships can be implemented into the data model

a) Identifying Alternatives
When choosing your information, you must be aware of the many
different available pieces of data that can be implemented . You
must consider all the alternatives before starting/completing a
solution as are many factors that come to play such as how you b) Identifying consequences
interpt the scenario and the way the data is presented as if the
alternative is wrong identify errors and inaccuracy will follow Must be wary of your chosen alternatives and consider the
which will result in a la ck of trust between you and the client as it quality, reliability, time, price and currency of the chosen data
can have layover effects like time and budget leading to or consequences will happen that could determine a
unprofessional positive/negative outcome of the data model and your
relationship with the client. Consequences should sever as a
reminder to check your alternative
 Identifying Alternatives Identifying consequences
1. Identify the consequences that could ● Look for patterns or trends in the data
occur when implementing alternatives ● Compare to actual results with predicted
● Use simple formulas and functions like SUM,
2. Decipher which is the best and worst AVERAGE, and IF to calculate and analyze data.
alternative then pick from your ranking ● Check for errors or mistakes in calculations by
3. Choice should be made base of two reviewing formulas and cell references.
factors of quality and Practicality ● Consider external & Internal factors.
● Use charts or graphs .
4. Implement decision ● Consider the consequences of different decisions or
scenarios with different variables
● Regularly update and review the data to stay
informed about any changes or developments
 Decisions – normally made to finales seps and after identifying consequences

Making a decison Justifying the decison

1. Identify the consequences that could ● When justifying your decision, it's important to
occur when implementing alternatives have strong reasons for why you chose the
information you did. By considering the potential
2. Decipher which is the best and worst outcomes of other options, you can justify why
alternative then pick from your ranking your choice is the best one. It's crucial to provide
3. Choice should be made base of two clear explanations and evidence for your
factors of quality and Practicality decision, as this crucial for the result of the data
model and for your client expectations and
4. Implement decision prevent consequences
These steps are implaced so you make the appriote decision when chosing
your data that is relevant to your client to avoid consequences when
validating and verfyifying all the factors for your decision it limits mistakes
and improves effiencey
 07
Communicating your Decision
The Decision must be communicated with the business to see if it
matches their prospects and other factors so it can be approved for the
data model
Is one of the most important factors of the data as it controls how the data model
plan will be done alongside client input and feedback. Must be correct as if client is
unhappy no profit and data model is incorrect and waste of time.

• Client
-Main person from the scenario. Person closet working with as they knew what is required and will be
updating your decisions via meetings/emails,. Most common form of communication Is via telephone
, email, Zoom or in personal meeting recommend you contact client weekly or monthly (frequently|)
• Supervisor
-How. Needs regular updates or progress and problems during development. Very important as they
update other members on the progress of the project most likely to converse face to face as you will
be needing to provide visual evidence this can take the form of meeting or emails
• Project Sponsor
-Funds the project normally manager of the organisation. Communication is through and with the
supervisor regular meetings, or through updates via email or telephone
 Spreadsheet Features used to support data modelling

Entering Data
Presenting Data
Features Of
Spreadsheet Software

Formulae & Verification &

Functions Validation
How advanced features and
functions of spreadsheet models
support stages
Spreadsheet models offer a range of advanced features and
functions that have been categorized to help support the
various stages of spreadsheet model. Examples are data
validation,VLOOKUP,AVERAGE and Sum, which aid in the
spreadsheet process. Leveraging these functions improves
decision making and enhances efficiency, making it easier to
meet deadlines and limit confusion when working with large
set of data
Features Of Spreadsheet Software
Formulae & Functions Verification & Validation Entering & Formatting Data

Verifcation and Validation are crucial for spreadsheets as

Formaules are user created expressions in that perform For Data to be processed in a spreadhseet it must be
they ensure accuracy and reliability in the data and
specific tasts such arathemtic calucations in two cells or entered. Data is held in cells in EXCELL which are small
calcuations witch help longterm as it mimimises errors
more provided it starts with' =' by this sign it notifies the rectangle boxes that make up the entiretly of a spreadsheet
Verifcation is checking if the spreadsheet is built correctly
spreadsheet that the cell is trying to perform (alongside field and rocerd). The data inputed can be
this means checking that data entry is correct and checked
fuction/activity. An example is =SUM(A6/B6)this would manipulated to be more specific for the demands of the
with the correct formula and functions insuring complete
divide the numbers in the cells and output it In C6. task as data can be formated such as calcutions and statics.
accuracy preventing errors.
Cells can be referenced which enables them to be used in
Functions are different from Formulae as they are more calclation an example is C5*B9 the data that are in thes
An Example of Verfication is when checking if the
complex and work alongside pre-exxsisiting caluations cells would be multiplied then outputted in the selected
formulas are correctly refenced in their cells and in the
inbedded in the spreadsheet application an example is cell.To complete a data entry one must type the enter key
correct format. If not normally an error message is
SUM which adds a range of numbers and AVERAGE in the event of a mistake the data can easily be repeated,
displayed
which calculates the average range of number. They can delete or change this is also known as
Validation is when data entry is checked to make sure that
even be more complex Formating (changing colours of text)
it is ok and meets the following reqwuirements (whole
number,dates,time, length,etc)
Functions and Formulas work togthere to provide
calacuation and make data analyis easier in spreadsheet
I have attatched a following example of Verfication and
Validation:

The data cannot

be inputted as its
incorrect and
displays an error
example of Data
Validation
Features of Spreadsheet Software:
Presenting & Interpreting
Data
● Interpreting Data ● Presenting Data
● Interpreting data is good when data becomes large as it becomes ● After data interpretation and analysis, you must find the
complicated to handle through the stages of a modeling as it can take up appropriate way to present it as it's equally as important.
space in a spreadsheet and can increase the chance of errors and harder to There are many ways to present your data depending on
find relevant data . When this occurs, we must Interpret data. This is the scenario, However bar charts are mot reliable as they
crucial as it brings sense when filtering, sorting, formatting, and sre clear. The the "less is more" rule must be applied as
manipulating data. When analyzing data, you can identify trends which simple summaries are easier than complex ones as they are
creates strategic decision making for a business. Data interpretation helps simplistic and easier to read. Summaries are produced by a
spots anomalies in the data which prevent issues and can make data modeler who makes decisions regarding the data such
predictions through the analysis and helps improve efficiency as it saves as calculation, font, color, amount, and graph. Charts and
time through that would be used to decipher the errors in spreadsheet graphs are the most popular ways to present data as it's
This is made even more comfortable with the process of conditional convenient to read and understand as all the data is
formatting & functions which sort data accordingly through SUMS and presented in one way. There are many different types of
AVERAGES and other actions. This data that is then interpreted then can charts regarding data and can be edited; however, the
be formatted again in the forms of charts and graphs to make it even smaller the chart, the harder to read.
more understandable this would be used for a presentation as some may
find it confusing to read large sets of data (numbers) on a spreadsheet
(office meetings)
 Interpreting data
Conditional Formatting

For large sets of data conditional formatting can From this example the table identifies the trend within
be applied to the spreadsheet. Data Formatting the economic growth rate. If the economic growth rate in
allow cells to be formatted based off cell D2 is positive (greater than 0), the cell E2 will be
requirements this makes large datasets formatted to indicate "High" sales.
understandable and improves time efficiency as If the economic growth rate in cell D3 is zero, the cell E3
less reading time is needed. It can help identify will be formatted to indicate "Medium" sales.
trends and mistakes in a table which can be If the economic growth rate in cell D4 is negative (less
utilised for the cheese company as they wish to than 0), the cell E4 will be formatted to indicate "Low"
determine economical growth which can be be sales. The pattern repeats into each row of the table.
accurately estimated through the trend saving This helps predict the growth trend which can help
them more money Bretts cheese company with their sales
 Using Data Modelling To Consider
Alternatives

TASK 2
 Data modelling is used to identify alternatives for a
data model and chose the appropriate choice through
testing different input and output values an example of
data modelling is organising data into columns and
rows that represent different factors/variables.

Data Modelling &

However to make the suitable choice you must input
data. Inputting data is considering alternatives to the
scenario for the best outcome through testing by
asking relevant questions such as ‘What if’s’ and

Alternatives
considering factors such as limitations and
consequences; if not considered it can negatively
affect the data model and upset the clients. An
Example is ‘What if an external factor intervenes?’

A good data model should meet the requirements of

the clients and be cohesive. For the data model
provide a table showing the benefits and limitation of
alternative solutions and for consequences consider
appropriate factors that follow the purpose of the data
model such as (cost, timescale, risk)
Output:
When the decision is made the model is outputted
onto the screen and can be printed,exported,edited.
As its digital it’s convenient as it allows it to be shared
in various ways and can be exported .
For A Successful Data Model
Identifying the best decision and compromise
For a good data model, your product must be understandable and meet the requirements of the client, considering
alternative solutions, benefits, limitations, and consequences alongside compromising and decision-making, as these
factors heavily influence the quality of the spreadsheet. With your data model, you must choose suitable alternatives
and choices based on the outcomes that best fit the customer's needs and requirements. If compromise is required, for
instance, if your data model must be faxed and is overbudget for your client, in this situation, you would compromise
and find an alternative for sharing the data model, such as emailing. For Betts Fine Cheeses, an example of making
the best decision would be discounting the cheese when economic growth is poor, as it would encourage more sales
and bring in more profit since the product sells poorly during periods of economic failure . However, doing this may
discourage clients from buying the cheese at wholesale as they are aware it will be discounted, resulting in a loss of
profit and stock. This scenario demonstrates decision-making and compromise. I have offered a solution to Betts Fine
Cheeses' problem but also created a scenario that would result in compromise .
Graph theory definitions
Graph Venus has a beautiful name, but also high temperatures

Adjacent Earth is the beautiful planet where we all live on

Bipartite graph Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place

Connected Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System

Chromatic number Saturn is the second-largest planet in the Solar System

Cycle Neptune is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System

Vertex Degree The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System

Multigraph Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet

 Evaluating Models

TASK 3
 A Completed Data Model must be evaluated for the clients to reduce errors.For
an effective evaluation you must ask yourself appropriate questions, decisions
and improvement. Evaluate if the model is relevant to the provided scenario in
this case its for a cheese company. If the model is not relevant its un-useable
as the data does not apply to client which is a waste of money and time. You

Evaluating must ask yourself self question regarding the scenario and if they match if yes,
you have done It correctly
The Questions:

Models
• How well it reflects the scenario: How much the data model relates to the
scenario if only limited reevaluate your data model so it does
• Supported Decision
• Improvement
• Extension

Understanding the decisions it can results in improvements You must

understand the functions and formatted/its purpose and lastly if it can be
improved. Every model can be improved to refit the requirements of the clients
such as cost this could be changing the colour,text or limiting the amount of
data. Improvements are always needed for Data Modelling and Lasty
considering other factors this is to ensure that the model is correct and
accurate and is suitable and wont lead to dissapointment.Consider other
factors such as data can be exported and extended to make it more compliable
with the users
Examples- Tasked with Brett’s Cheese Data model Evaluation
Reflection Decisions and Supports Improvements Other Factors

Can Reduce erros and other factors that be

Decisions should be made relevant to the supported thriggh decsionn making
For Brett’s Fine Cheese we must relect on
scenerio in this way it can help making improvements inncrease chance of
the challenges that the business is facing Bretts Fine cheese should conisder other
strategic decision such as deciding accuracy in the decision making process.
and understand how to rectify them. actors to ensure full effecitvness of the
pricing , stock and stock amount these
Evidently Brett’s main focus is on data model this includes the future growth
decision must be supported to ensure that
currency exchange as he imports his of the business and if the data model can
they are the suitable choice as it strength
cheese from France and Netherlands both support it by being flexiable, Fsctors such
the data model.Data can be supported
country’s who have different currenty this as costs,ethical that are need to update
through evidence,trends and metric such
results in variation in ecoonmical growth and reiview the aata and ethical
as stats as it shows ratiional thinking was
leavinf Brett at a disadvantag. U implication as some people may be agaisnt
applied
their personal data that will be used for the
After understanding the problem we must sata model. When incoprating these
conisider wether the data model must additional factorrs in the evulation its
consider other alternative factors such as ensures a comphresive outcome for the
demand,pricing, trends annd if they effect dsata model and reduces errors and
the Business. Reflecting on these decision mistakes as piissuble issues have already
makes it easier to create a relevant been considered and rectifyid
susccesufl data model
 4. Documenting and Justification
• The completed data model documentation should always have a summary at the start and end that
highlights the main points regarding the data model and what it does and how it has achieved its
requirements of the chosen the scenario and what the scenario was and the process this summary
add clarity to the data model and is easy for when it is shared
• Identifying information sources :
This is understanding and the sources that were used in the data model and how they were applied to
rectify the scenario and produce the data model and how useful the information was
• Identifying factors:
This segment identifies factors that were used during the evualtion stage of your data model such
external and external factors you must outlay these factors and explain how you came to you decision
and the methods used to reach your decision
• Justification:
The following factors must be considered and justified that were use such as your method
Resources

Websites:
● Pearson BTEC National
Information Technology
Book
● https://www.free-online-trai
ning-courses.com/advanced-
spreadsheets-lessons/
Graph theory infographic

Venus Jupiter
Venus is the second planet It’s the biggest planet in
from the Sun the Solar System

Mars Saturn
Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is a gas giant and
a cold place has several rings
Planar
graphs
Eulerian path and circuits

Step A Step C
Mercury is the closest planet to Despite being red, Mars is
the Sun and the smallest of actually a cold place. It’s full
them all
Step B of iron oxide dust
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun
Important concepts
Mercury Venus
It’s the closest planet to Venus is the second planet
the Sun from the Sun

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is not the only
planet of them all planet with rings

Mars Neptune
Mars is actually a very It’s the farthest planet
cold place from the Sun
Best colleges in the world

Mercury
It’s the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest in the
Solar System

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s full
of iron oxide dust
Desktop software

You can replace the image on the

screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select “Replace
image”
Table app

You can replace the image on the

screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select “Replace
image”
Mobile app

You can replace the image on the

screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select “Replace
image”
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
[email protected]
+91 620 421 838
yourwebsite.com

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo,

including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik

Please keep this slide for attribution

Alternative resources
Here’s an assortment of alternative resources whose style fits the one of this template:

● Teenage student in headphones sitting at table and typing on notebook

● Young woman studying in a library while using a laptop
● Young man using his laptop for information during study group
● Medium shot smiley people talking at work
● Medium shot smiley woman with laptop
● Close up programmer sitting at desk
 Instructions for use
If you have a free account, in order to use this template, you must credit Slidesgo by keeping the Thanks slide. Please
refer to the next slide to read the instructions for premium users.

As a Free user, you are allowed to:

- Modify this template.
- Use it for both personal and commercial projects.

You are not allowed to:

- Sublicense, sell or rent any of Slidesgo Content (or a modified version of Slidesgo Content).
- Distribute Slidesgo Content unless it has been expressly authorized by Slidesgo.
- Include Slidesgo Content in an online or offline database or file.
- Offer Slidesgo templates (or modified versions of Slidesgo templates) for download.
- Acquire the copyright of Slidesgo Content.

For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit Slidesgo School:
https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school
 Instructions for use (premium users)
As a Premium user, you can use this template without attributing Slidesgo or keeping the "Thanks" slide.

You are allowed to:

● Modify this template.
● Use it for both personal and commercial purposes.
● Hide or delete the “Thanks” slide and the mention to Slidesgo in the credits.
● Share this template in an editable format with people who are not part of your team.

You are not allowed to:

● Sublicense, sell or rent this Slidesgo Template (or a modified version of this Slidesgo Template).
● Distribute this Slidesgo Template (or a modified version of this Slidesgo Template) or include it in a database or in
any other product or service that offers downloadable images, icons or presentations that may be subject to
distribution or resale.
● Use any of the elements that are part of this Slidesgo Template in an isolated and separated way from this
Template.
● Register any of the elements that are part of this template as a trademark or logo, or register it as a work in an
intellectual property registry or similar.

For more information about editing slides, please read our FAQs or visit Slidesgo School:
https://slidesgo.com/faqs and https://slidesgo.com/slidesgo-school
 Fonts & colors used

This presentation has been made using the following fonts:

Poppins
(https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Poppins)

#ffffff #f3f3f3 #666666

#d149ce #43309f #000000

 Storyset

Create your Story with our illustrated concepts. Choose the style you like the most, edit its colors, pick
the background and layers you want to show and bring them to life with the animator panel! It will boost
your presentation. Check out how it works.

Pana Amico Bro Rafiki Cuate

 Use our editable graphic resources...

You can easily resize these resources without losing quality. To change the color, just ungroup the resource
and click on the object you want to change. Then, click on the paint bucket and select the color you want.
Group the resource again when you’re done. You can also look for more infographics on Slidesgo.
 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE

PHASE 1

Task 1

Task 2

PHASE 2

Task 1

Task 2

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

PHASE
1

Task 1

Task 2
 ...and our sets of editable icons

You can resize these icons without losing quality.

You can change the stroke and fill color; just select the icon and click on the paint bucket/pen.
In Google Slides, you can also use Flaticon’s extension, allowing you to customize and add even more icons.
Educational Icons Medical Icons
Business Icons Teamwork Icons
Help & Support Icons Avatar Icons
Creative Process Icons Performing Arts Icons
Nature Icons
SEO & Marketing Icons