AGM 201: Farm Power and Machinery

The Tractor Engine

System
The Engine System
• The Engine is a device that converts chemical energy into
mechanical energy.

• The Tractor engine is called an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE).

It converts the heat energy of the fuel into mechanical work by
burning the fuel inside the engine itself.
• Majority of tractor engines have four cylinders (four cylinder –
four stroke engines).
• One-cylinder fires for each stroke: i.e., two cylinders fire during
each complete revolution of the crankshaft and fly- wheel.
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Engine Classification

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 Common Terms used
Stroke:
• Is when the piston moves from the top to the bottom of the cylinder
• the difference between the fully extended height and the fully retracted
height of the cylinder
Bore

Bore:
• The diameter of each cylinder

Scavenging:
• The process of removal of burnt or exhaust gases from the engine cylinder.

Engine Firing Order

• The order or sequence in which the engine cylinders generate & deliver
power.
 Common Terms used
• Top Dead Centre (TDC): When the piston is at
the top of its stroke, it is said to be at the TDC.

• Bottom Dead Centre (BDC): When the piston

is at the bottom of its stroke, it is said to be at its
BDC.

• Compression Ratio(CR): is the ratio of the

total cylinder volume when the piston is at the
1. Petro Engines:
bottom of its stroke (BDC) to the remaining • Naturally Aspirated Engines: 8:1 to 11:1
volume when the piston is at the top of its stroke • Forced Induction (Turbochargers or
(TDC). Superchargers): 8:1 to 10:1
• The higher the CR, the greater the power output 2. Diesel Engines:
from a given engine. • Naturally Aspirated Engines: 16:1 to 23:1
• Turbocharged Engines: 15:1 to 18:1
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Common Terms used
Four Stroke Engine
Events (intake, compression, power, exhaust) taking place inside the engine
cylinder are completed in four strokes of the piston and 2 revolutions of
the crankshaft.
• This engine has got valves for controlling the charges and exhaust gases.
• The opening and closing of the valve is controlled by cams, fitted on camshaft.
• The camshaft is driven by crankshaft with the help of suitable gears or chains.
• The camshaft runs at half the speed of the crankshaft.

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Common Terms used
Two Stroke Engine:
The whole sequence of events (i.e., intake, compression, power and exhaust) are
completed in two strokes of the piston and one complete revolution of
the crankshaft.
• There is no valve in this type of engine.
• Gas movement takes place through ports in the cylinder.
• The crankcase of the engine is gas tight in which the crankshaft rotates.

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Four vs Two Stroke cycle

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Four Stroke Cycle Engine
In this type of engine, one complete combustion cycle is completed in four strokes
of the piston or two revolution of the crankshaft.

The four events that take place inside the engine cylinder are:

1. Intake/induction/suction Stroke: Suction of air or air/fuel mixture into the

cylinder

2. Compression Stroke: Compression of the gases or air/fuel mixture

3. Power/Combustion Stroke: Ignition of the fuel mixture to produce power

4. Exhaust Stroke: Burnt gases exit the engine

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 Types of Internal Combustion Engines
Petrol Engine: Diesel Engine:

• In this type of engine, petrol is used as a fuel. • In this type of engine, diesel is
used as a fuel.
• A pre-mixture of petrol and air enters the cylinder
in a proper ratio during the suction/intake stroke. • Air is compressed in the cylinder
• The fuel mixture in vapor form is ignited with the and atomized diesel is sprayed in
help of an electric spark produced by the spark for ignition.
plug.

• This method of ignition is called Spark Ignition

• This method of ignition is called
(SI). Compression Ignition (CI).
• Most of the two stroke and small engines use this • All heavy vehicle/ tractors use this
system.
system.
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Types of Internal Combustion Engines
How Diesel Engine work How Petrol Engine work

How Diesel Engines Work .mp4 Petro engine.mp4

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Main Components of the ICE

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 Main Components of the ICE

Pistons and the crankshaft Flywheel

Engine housing/cylinders

Connecting rod Camshaft

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 Four Stroke Cycle Engine Mechanism
Injector Atomized fuel
injection
Exhaust Four stroke engine
Air

Diesel Engine

Petro Engine
Engine strokes.mp4

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 Four Stroke - Diesel Engine Mechanism
• Intake: As the piston begins to move down the cylinder, the inlet
valve opens and air is sucked in.
• Compression: The inlet valve closes at the bottom of the stroke.
The piston rises to compress air.
• Ignition: Atomized fuel is injected in at the top of the stroke. It
ignites due to high temperature and forces the piston down.
• Exhaust: On the piston's upward travel, the exhaust valve opens
and burned gas is expelled.

A B C D

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 Four Stroke - Petro Engine Mechanism
• Intake: As the piston begins to move down the cylinder, the inlet
valve opens and air-fuel mixture is sucked in.
• Compression: The inlet valve closes at the bottom of the stroke.
The piston rises to compress the air-fuel mixture.
• Ignition: At the top of the stroke the compressed mixture is
ignited by the spark and forces the piston down.
• Exhaust: On the piston's upward travel, the exhaust valve opens
and burned gas is expelled.

A B C D

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Diesel Vs Petrol Engines
Diesel Engine Petrol Engine
Ignition is achieved by Fuel-air mixture compressed and
compression of air alone ignited by a spark
A typical compression ratio for a A typical compression ratio for a
diesel engine is 20:1 petrol engine is 9:1
A diesel engine draws in the same A petrol engine draws in variable
amount of air (at each engine amounts of air per suction stroke,
speed), through an unthrottled inlet the exact amount depending on the
tract opened and closed only by the throttle opening.
inlet valve

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Four Stroke Vs Two Stroke Engine
Four stroke Two stroke
One power stroke for every two revolutions of One power stroke for each revolution of the
the crankshaft. crankshaft.
There are inlet and exhaust valves in the engine There are inlet and exhaust ports instead of valves.

Crankcase is not fully closed and airtight. Crankcase is fully closed and airtight.

Fuel is fully burnt. Fuel is partially burnt

Thermal efficiency is high. Thermal efficiency is comparatively low

Torque produced is even Torque produced is less even

Events completed in 4 strokes. i.e. Suction, Events completed in 2 strokes. i.e.
compression, Power & Exhaust Suction/compression & Power/Exhaust

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