MARINE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ALTERNATING
CURRENT

1
 Advantages of using
Alternating Current
• For the same power, An AC Generator/Motor is
smaller, less space consuming and cheaper.
• Maintenance problems associated with the use of
Commutator and brushes etc. eliminated.
• Voltages can be stepped up to higher values by using
Transformers. This helps in transmission of Power
economically over long distances

2
 Advantages of using
Direct Current
• Higher starting torque as required for traction
devices is possible with DC motors.
• Finer Speed control possible with simple
cheap devices.
• Constant voltage as required for Electro-
plating and Battery Charging possible.

3
AC Terminology - 1

4
AC Terminology-2

5
AC Terminology-3

6
 Current in A.C.Circuit
• In D.C. Circuit , value of current (I) is given by I = V/R
• In A.C. Circuit, this simple relationship does not hold good.
• Variations in current set up magnetic effects. With comparative
low-voltage and high currents, magnetic effects may be large.
• Variations in voltage set up electrostatic effects. In high-voltage
circuits, electrostatic effects are usually appreciable .
• The current in an A.C.Circuit takes into all the effects produced by
the various components in the circuit

7
 AC Terminology-4
• Inductive Reactance(xL)- The effective opposition offered by a
pure inductor to the flow of an alternating current. It is
measured in Ohms.
• Capacitive Reactance(xC)- The effective oppsition offered by a
pure capacitor to the flow of an alternating current. It is
measured in Ohms.
• Impedance(Z) – The total effective opposition offered by a
series circuit containing resistance, inductance and
capacitance to the flow of an alternating current. It is
measured in Ohms.
• Power Factor – The ratio between the True Power and the
Apparent Power

8
RMS Value of alternating quanties

9
AC circuit with
Resistance only

10
AC Circuit with
Inductance only

11
 AC Circuit with
Capacitance Only

12
 AC Circuit with
Resistance and Inductance

13
3-Phase Power Systems

14
Voltage and Current values in
a 3-Phase Y connected system

15
Wattful and Wattless components of Power in AC
system

16
Marine Electrical Engineering

A.C.MOTORS-THEORY

17
 Essentials for Torque Production in AC
Motors
• As with DC Motors, AC motors also require a
main field and an armature field for
production of Torque. However
• Unlike DC Motors, the Poles providing the
main field are rotating and,
• The armature field is produced by windings in
the Stator which is stationary

18
 Types of AC Motors
• Single-Phase Motors
• Three-Phase Induction Motors which may be
Squirrel cage Rotor type or
Wound-rotor type
• Three-Phase Synchronous Motors

19
 Single Phase vs 3 Phase
- Induction Motors

• Single Phase Induction motors produce

pulsating torque and therefore are not
self-starting. Special devices are
required to start single phase motors.
• Three Phase induction motors produce
a rotating magnetic field and are self-
starting.

20
Ferraris Principle

21
Rotating Magnetic Field

22
Production of Torque –
3 Ph Induction Motor

23
Types of Rotors

24
 Why do we need Starters ?
• In a motor, V = Eb + IaRa where,
V = Applied Voltage
Eb = Back EMF(induced in stator by rotor field)
Ia = Armature Current and
Ra = Armature resistance
• At standstill, there is no back EMF and
V = IaRa
• The current at starting is limited only by the small Armature Resistance
and is proportional to the voltage applied to the Stator. Starting current
can, therefore, be as high as 5 to 8 times the normal full load current of
the motor.
• Starter is a means of starting the motor at a lower applied voltage to limit
the inevitable high starting current.

25
Direct-on-Line Starter

26
Star-Delta Transformer

27
Auto-Transformer Starter

28
Soft Starter

29
 Starting a
3Ph wound Rotor Motor

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Speed Control by Pole-Changing

31
Induction Motors-
Characteristics

32
 Variable Speed Control Methods
• Electro-hydraulic drive- often used for cranes. The
electric motor runs at a constant speed and drives a
hydraulic pump. Variable speed hydraulic motors
control the slewing, luffing and hoisting/lowering
functions.
• Wound-rotor resistance control
• Ward Leonard method DC Motor drive as for Windlass
• Variable-frequency induction or synchronous motor
control as for Electrical Propulsion

33
 Ward Leonard
Speed Control Method

34
Speed control of
DC Motor

35
Electronic VSD Controller

36
Synchronous Motors-
Principle of Operation

37
 Synchronous Motors-
Characteristics
• Synchronous Motors are constant speed Motors and run only at
synchronous speed.
• Compared to Induction Motors , they are sensitive to sudden
changes of load and cause stability problems like hunting.
• Are not self-starting and require starting equipment to initially
bring them to their rated speed
• The motor can be operated at different P.F. by changing the
excitation.
• Over-excited motors can operate at Leading P.F.
• Are reasonably efficient.
• Ability to correct the P.F. by varying the excitation make the motors
useful in large power installation.

38
Marine Electrical Engineering

A C Motors - Practice

39
Parts of the Motor

NDE END SH IELD FIN(S) STATOR

FAN
DE END SH IELD

DE BEARING

ROTOR SH AFT
T.B.
KEYWAY
BEARING CAP
FRAME SIZE

FAN COVER

NDE BEARING MOUNTING BOLTS

40
 Name Plate Details

• Ingress Protection • KW/HP

• Duty • Voltage
• Type of Enclosure • Frequency
• Connection • Full load Current
• Makers Name/Type • Frame Size
• S.No. • RPM
• Bearings • Class of insulation

41
 A typical Frame Size
• Say, the frame size is given as “ D112 S4”
• “D” denotes Manufacturers Code ( CG)
• “112” is the height of shaft centre from base in mm.
• Suffix “S” denotes a “Short” rotor. (“M” and “L” will denote
Medium and Long rotors.)
• Suffix “4” denotes no. of poles for which the motor is wound.
Also conveys that the sync speed of this motor, when
connected to 50Hz is 1500 RPM.

42
 Classes of Insulation
• Class Y Max. Winding Temp. 90 C
• Class A “Do” 105C
• Class E “Do” 120C
• Class B “Do” 130C
• Class H “Do” 155C
• Class F “Do” 180 C
• Class C “Do” above 180 C

43
 Enclosures
• Drip Proof
• Dust Proof
• Totally Enclosed - TE
• Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled - TEFC
• Totally Enclosed Pipe Ventilated - TEV

44
 Ingress Protection
• Mating surfaces of end shields , bearing caps and terminal
boxes are suitably constructed to prevent entry of dust and
moisture.
• Degree of ingress protection is classified as
IP 40,IP 50 etc. The first digit is for dust and the second is for
moisture classification.
• An example - IP 54 ingress production is dust & waterproof
IP 55 is dust & Hose proof

45
 Types of Bearings
• Sleeve Bearings - For Large Motors
• Ball Bearings – normally for Drive end
• Roller Bearings – normally for Non Drive end
• Angular Contact Bearings – for Vertical Motors

46
 Effects of Bearing wear
• Motors have small and equal air gaps between stator
and rotor.
• Excessive bearing wear will cause the rotor to rub
against the stator, resulting in damage to the
magnetic core and windings.
• Excessive bearing wear causes unequal magnetic
attraction of the rotor, thus creating additional load
on the bearings, heating of the bearings and set up
vibrations of the motor.

47
 Seizure of Bearings
• Can occur if the motor shaft is heated.
• As it heats, the shaft becomes larger and the bearing has to
shift in the end shield by the same amount.
• In ball bearings with close axial clearance, if the outer race of
the bearings fits too tightly in the endshield housing, the balls
will be jammed between the races as the shaft becomes
heated.
• As a result, the bearings become stiff and may even stop
rotating.
• This fault is eliminated by relieving the fit of the bearing race
in the endshield bearing housing.

48
 General Motor Failures

• Insulation Breakdown due to

a. Over voltage b. Over current
c. Over temperature d. Loss of ventilation
e. Absorption of moisture/contaminants
• Single Phasing – Open or short-ckt.of one phase winding
• Failure of mechanical components viz.
a. Worn out Bearings
b. Cracked Endshields
c. Loose Bed bolts
d. Unbalanced components (Rotor, Fan)

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 Single Phasing
L1 L1
F3

F2
L2 L2

L3 L3
F1

SINGLE-PH ASING
A TH REE P H ASE MOTOR IS SAID TO BE SINGLE-PH ASING WH EN
ONE OF TH E MAIN FUSES IS BLOWN - F1 ( OR)
ONE OF TH E FEEDER LINES IS OP EN-CIRCUITED - F2 (OR)
ONE OF TH E WINDINGS IS OPEN-CIRCUITED - F3.

IF SINGLE PH ASING OCCURS DURING STARTING IF SINGLE PH ASING OCCURS DURING RUNNING

MOTOR WILL FAIL TO START. MOTOR WILL CONTINUE TO RUN AS A SINGLE PH ASE MOTOR

TWO OF TH E WINDINGS WILL CARRY MORE TH AN ITS RATED CURRENT

REP EATED ATTEMP TS TO START WILL CAUSE TH E MOTOR ONE OF TH E WINDINGS WILL NOT CARRY ANY CURRENT
TO EXPERIENCE 'LOCKED-ROTOR' CONDITION LEADING TO TH IS LEADS TO UNEQUAL H EATING OF TH E MOTOR
BURN OUT OF TH E WINDINGS
IF MOTOR IS LIGH TLY LOADED, TH E OVERLOAD MAY NOT TRIP

P ROLONGED RUNNING AS A SINGLE P H ASE MOTOR MAY RESULT

IN TH E BURN OUT OF TH E WINDINGS.
( FOR TRAINING ONLY )

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 Motor Overload Protection
POWER SUPPLY
R Y B
MODERN OVERLOAD RELAYS PROTECT TH E MOTOR
CONTROL
AGAINST 'OVERLOADING' AND 'SINGLE-PH ASING'
VOLTAGE
O/L RELAYS IS TH E FIRST ONE TO ACT IN TH E
EVENT OF A FAULT AND PROVIDES TH E PRIMARY
FUSES Q1 PROTECTION FOR TH E MOTOR
BACK-UP PROTECTION
TH REE BI-METAL ELEMENTS, EACH CARRYING TH E
LINE CURRENT, H EAT UP AND WH EN TH E LINE
CONTACTOR CONTACTOR
C1 COIL CURRENT EXCEEDS TH E RATED FULL LOAD CURRENT,
BEND AND OPEN A CONTACT IN TH E CIRCUIT OF
TH E CONTACTOR COIL TH EREBY DISCONNECTING
TH E MOTOR FROM TH E POWER SUPPLY.
O/L RELAY
WITH SINGLE PH ASING O/L CONTACT
(DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION) F1 IN CASE TH E 0/L RELAY FAILS TO OPERATE IN TH E
EVENT OF OVERLOAD (OR) IF A SH ORT-CIRCUIT,
PRIMARY PROTECTION
OR A LOCKED ROTOR CONDITION TAKES PLACE,
U1 V1 W1
TH E MAIN FUSE(S) BLOW AND SAFEGUARD TH E
MOTOR AGAINST EXCESSIVE CURRENT. FUSES,
TH EREFORE PROVIDE TH E BACK-UP PROTECTION.
M

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 Routine Inspection
• General Cleanliness
• Clogging of fins, blocking of ventilation
• Look for any unusual temp of Bearings, rotor or stator
• Listen for any unusual sound from bearings or vibrations due
to loose bed-bolts.
• Where ammeters are provided, look for any unusual
variations in the motor current
• Condition of earthing leads.

53
 Routine Testing
• Insulation resistance
• Winding resistance
• No load current
• Protective devices

54
 Replacement of Motors
• Important Points to be considered
a. Frame Size b. RPM
c. Winding
d. Voltage/Frequency
e. Class of Insulation f. Duty
g. HP

55
 Rewinding of Motors
• Datas to be gathered from the old coil or original data sheets
Gauge of the wire used
Pitch of the coil
Number of turns
Details of end connections
Insulation used
• Method of execution
Prepare former for the coil
Wind coil(s). use the correct type of insulation and shape them to fit into
the slots
Embed the coils in the slots
Wedge the coils tightly in their slots.
Prepare the end connections
Bring out the lead wires to the terminal block

• Tests to be carried out after rewinding

Insulation Resistance
Winding resistance
High Voltage Withstand Test
(By applying 2KV for one minute)

56
 Causes of failure
• Environmental Stress
• Electrical Stress
• Mechanical Stress
• Thermal Stress usually caused by one of, or
combination of the stresses above

57
 Causes of Failure due to
Environmental Stresses
• Pollution – Dust/Dirt accumulation in T.B.s
• Corrosion – of hardware used for connections
• High Humidity – Results in moisture accumulation in
T.B.s
• High ambient Temperature – causes accelerated
ageing of insulation
• Climate – Rain/Water washing

58
 Causes of Failures
Electrical Stresses
• Overvoltage – Switching/Lightning surges
• Overcurrent – Motors running above rated load and
due to undervoltage conditions
• High Contact resistance – improper cable
terminations
• Single Phasing
• Tracking in T.B.s

59
 Causes of Failure
Mechanical Stresses
• Vibration – Loose bed bolts, unbalanced components
(rotor, fans)
• Loose contacts/overtightening
• Broken/Cracked insulators,terminal bars,studs etc.
• Improper end terminations
• Straining of cables due to cramped housing/glanding
• Defective Bearings

60
 Motor Protections
• Overload protection
• Single Phase protection
• Locked rotor or Overcurrent protection
• Ground Fault protection
• Winding Temp protection
• Differential protection
• Under Voltage Protection
• Over voltage protection
Degree of Protection provided depends on
Size, Cost and importance of application

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Marine Electrical Engineering

A.C.GENERATORS

62
AC Single Phase Alternators

63
Single & Three-Phase Generation

64
Polyphase Generation

65
Types of Rotors - Alternators

66
Excitation of Alternators

67
AVR – Block Diagram

68
AVR – Voltage Response

69
Brushless Excitation - Alternators

70
 3-Ph Alternator
Compound Excitation

71
Types of AC Loads

72
Armature Reaction - Alternator

73
Shaft-Driven Generator

74
Marine Electrical Engineering

SYNCRONISING AND
LOAD SHARING

75
Paralelling of Alternators

76
 Sequence of synchronising
• Mode of Synchronising (Manual/Semi automatic/
Automatic) to be selected.
• Voltage and frequency of the incoming alternator to be
brought very nearly equal to that of busbar voltage and
frequency by observing voltmeters and frequency meters.
• Fine tuning of the frequency can be effected by observing
the synchroscope or synchronising lamps
• Closing of the breaker of the incoming alternator on
reaching synchronism as per the mode of synchronising
selected.

77
Synchroscope

78
Synchronising Lamps

79
 Types of Synchronising-1
• Manual
• Voltage , Frequency and Phase angle of the
incoming generator are brought very nearly close to
that of busbar.
• The breaker of the incoming generator is then
manually closed by watching the position of the
synchroscope and/or the synchronising lamps

80
 Types of Synchronising - 2
• Check Synchonising (Semi-Automatic)
• A Check-synch. unit electronically monitors voltage,
frequency and phase angle of the incoming generator w.r.t the
busbars and energises a check-synch. relay at synchronism.
• The closing of the incoming generator is mechanically
initiated but the breaker will be closed only when the check-synch
relay contact is made.
• This method provides an useful safeguard against operator
error but retains overall watch keeper control for adjusting voltage
and frequency.

81
 Type of Synchronising - 3
• Auto Synchronising
The auto-synchronising electronic equipment
does everything an operator would do –
senses and controls the voltage and frequency
then initiates a circuit-breaker close signal at
the correct instant.

82
Synchronising Torque

83
 Typical Metering/Switching for
Synchronising
• Double Voltmeter
• Double Frequency meter
• Synchroscope
• Generator selector switch
• Synchronising mode selector switch
• Auto Synchronising Relay
• Check Synchronising Relay
• Synchronising Lamps
• Synchronising lamp switch

84
A Typical Synchronising Ckt. &
Synchronising Panel

85
 Load Sharing
• Power sharing(KW) is directly controlled by the
governor. Raise the governor setting of the incoming
machine and lower the setting on the running
machine.
• Current sharing (KVAr) is controlled by (a) Manual
Voltage Regulator or (b) Trimmer of the Auto
Voltage Regulator by observing the KVAr or the
Power Factor meters

86
Load Sharing of Alternators

87
Marine Electrical Engineering

Circuit Breakers
Part 1

88
 DEFINITIONS
• SWITCHGEAR
A COMMON TERM FOR DEVICES USED FOR MAKING AND
BREAKING CIRCUITS INCLUDING AUX,COMPONENTS LIKE
RELAYS,COILS ETC.
• SWITCH
A MECHANICAL DEVICE FOR MAKING AND BREAKING NON-
AUTOMATICALLY A CIRCUIT UNDER FULL LOAD
• ISOLATOR
A MECHANICAL DEVICE FOR MAKING AND BREAKING A CKT.
NON-AUTOMATICALLY A CKT. UNDER NO-LOAD ONLY

• CONTACTOR
A DEVICE FOR MAKING AND BREAKING A CIRCUIT UNDER FULL LOAD, BEING
ELECTRO-MAGNETICALLY OPERATED.

89
 Definition of a Circuit Breaker

• Standards define a Circuit Breaker as

“A device capable of making and

breaking of an electric circuit under
normal and abnormal condition”

90
 Basic functions
• To make, carry and break the normal services
current.
• To continuously monitor the current flowing
in the circuit and to protect the system by
tripping when there are overloads or short-
circuits in the system as quickly as possible to
minimise effects of short circuits and
overloads.

91
Basic Breaker Functions

92
What is a Short-circuit ?

93
 Effects of Short Circuits
Short circuits can cause damage to electrical
installation by giving rise to
• Thermal Stresses
• Mechanical Stresses
• Arcing

94
 Thermal Stresses
• Heavy fault current causes temp. of cables and busbar
rise enormously even if the circuit is interrupted in a
few cycles.
( Temp. rise is proportional to I*I*t where I= Current
flowing in the conductor and t = the duration of the
current flow)
• Frequent repetitions of these stresses will reduce the
life of the insulation of cables, busbar supports etc.
leading to a permanent damage to the installation.

95
 Mechanical Stresses
• Heavy fault currents set up mutual forces between
current-carrying conductors causing them to be
mechanically stressed.
(This force is proportional to I*I/d where I = Current I
the conductor and d = Distance between the
conductors )
• These forces can cause conductors to bend or break
and also mechanically damage the insulation of the
cables, bus supports etc.

96
 Electro-Magnetic Stress on
Current-carrying conductors

97
 Arcing
• An arc, which occurs at the point of contact separation in a
breaker, represents an enormous concentration of energy and
can cause severe damage at the point of arcing by burning
away the contact tips, and adjacent conductors and
insulation.
• Greater the distance of contact separation, higher are the
effect of arcing
• With arcing, the time duration is extremely important
because the feet of the arc tend to move towards the supply
source, spreading the area of damage.

98
 Types of Circuit Breakers
• Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)
• Moulded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs)
• Air Circuit Breakers (ACBs)
• Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers (OCBs)
• Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers (MOCBs)
• SF 6 Breakers
• Vacuum Circuit Breakers (VCBs)

99
 Miniature Circuit Breakers
• Protects lines and cables against overload and short-
circuit. Can also be used for limited motor protection
applications.
• Fixed current setting and trip characteristics
• Manually closed and electrically tripped.
• Max. current capacity – 63 Amps
• Rated Breaking Capacity – upto 10 KA
• Aux. contacts, UV trip, Shunt trip can be attached

100
A Typical MCCB

101
 Moulded Case Circuit
Breakers-1
• Used for protection of
* DG Sets
* Transformers
* Distribution Feeders
* Motors (Back-up protection)
• Current Capacity - available upto 1200 Amps
• Breaking Capacity - available upto 85 KA
• Frame Sizes - available from AF 50 to AF 1200

102
 Moulded Case Circuit
Breakers-2

• Manually/Electrically closed and tripped

• Operates on “Current limiting” principle which
helps in fast clearance of short-circuit faults.
• Available with
* Fixed/Adjustable thermal trip settings
* Fixed/Adjustable magnetic trip settings
* Micro Processor based Electronic Release

103
 Air Circuit Breakers

• Used as Generator and Bus-tie breakers

• Arc extinction takes place in the medium of fresh air.
• Current capacity – available up to 6300 Amps.
• Breaking capacity – available up to 100 KA.
• Manually/Electrically spring charged closing. (L&R)
• Manually/Electrically tripped. (L&R)
• Simple to operate and maintain.
• High Dielectric strength even in hot, humid conditions.
• High degree of system protection and coordination due to
the use of Micro processor based releases. (Optional)
• Under voltage Trip instantaneous/time delay type.
• Adjustable Instantaneous short-circuit trips. (Magnetic)
• Adjustable overload settings 80-120% of nominal current.

104
A Typical Air Circuit Breaker

105
 Air Circuit Breaker
Contacts Arrangement/Phase

ARC CH UTE
SPLITTER PLATES
ARCING
FIXED CONTACT ARC
RUNNERS
ARCING MOVING CONTACT

BUSBAR
ISOLATING PLUG
DOUBLE MOVING
MAIN CONTACTS

FIXED
MAIN CONTACTS LINKED T0
OPERATING MECH ANISM

ALTERNATOR FLIXIBLE COPPER BRAID

ISOLATING PLUG

106
ACB in different “Positions”

107
Vacuum Circuit Breakers

108
SF 6 Breaker

109
 General Maintenance of Breakers

• Cleaning of contacts
• Lubricating moving parts
• Checking Dielectric strength of oil/renewal of
oil (OCBs only)
• Periodic check for manual/electrical close/trip
operations and for tripping through protective
devices with breaker in “Test” position.

110
Circuit Breakers

Part 2

111
 Main Breaker Specifications
• Rated Normal Current – R.M.S. value of current that the breaker can carry
continuously with the temp. rise in the current carrying parts within 40-50
C.
• Making Capacity- Maximum (fault) current on which the breaker can
make without incurring any damage to itself.
Expressed in Peak value of making current in KA.
• Breaking Capacity- Maximum (fault) current which the breaker can break
without incurring any damage to itself.
Expressed in RMS value in KA/MVA.

112
 Air Circuit Breakers
Additional features

• TRIP FREE MECHANISM

Trip free mechanism permits the breaker to be tripped by the
protective relay, even if it is under the process of closing (say, by
keeping the “Close” P.B. pressed).
• ANTI PUMPING FEATURE
If “Close” P.B. is held pressed during a fault on line fed by the
breaker, alternate “closing” and “tripping” (“Pumping” or
“Chattering” of breaker is possible.
Anti-Pumping circuit ensures that every “closing” impulse permits
the breaker to close only once.

113
TYPE OF BREAKERS USED WRT
SHORT LEVEL CIRCUITS

114
 Microprocessor based overcurrent
Trip Device
• Provides highest degree of system protection.
• Self powered by built-in current transformer.
• No mal-operation due to external disturbances.
• Built-in operation check function.
• Visual fault discrimination by LEDs.
• Three phase and earth fault in one single compact unit.
• Self monitoring of trip unit with blinking indication.
• Function Blocking facility provided.

115
 Modes of Arc Extinction
• High Resistance interruption method
Used in D.C. Circuit Breakers and low and medium
voltage A.C. Circuit Breakers.

• Low resistance or zero point extinction method

Used in A.C. arc interruption in Medium and High
Voltages

116
 Zero Point Extinction
• At every current zero in an alternating circuit, the arc
vanishes for a brief moment. At current zero, the
space between the contacts is de-ionized quickly by
introducing fresh un-ionized medium such as
* Oil
* Fresh air
* SF 6 Gas

117
 High Resistance Interruption

• The arc resistance is increased by

* Lengthening the arc by use of arc
runners or arc horns
* Splitting the arc by use of arc
splitters or arc chutes

118
MARINE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
PART I

119
 ELECTRICAL SHOCK
• AN ELECTRIC SHOCK IS EXPERIENCED WHEN

ANY PART OF THE BODY COMES IN CONTACT

WITH A LIVE CONDUCTOR OR ANY EQUIPMENT IN
WHICH THERE IS A LEAKAGE OF ELECRIC CURRENT
AND ANOTHER PART OF THE BODY IS IN CONTACT
WITH THE SAME EQUIPMENT OR EARTH.

120
 LEVELS OF LEAKAGE CURRENT
• THRESHOLD OF PERCEPTION
above 2 mA
• LET-GO LEVEL
BELOW 5 mA
• HOLD-ON LEVEL
ABOVE 5 mA
• FIBRILLATION LEVEL
35mA – 100mA
• FATAL LEVEL
ABOVE 100 mA

121
 SEVERITY OF SHOCK
• DEPENDANT 0N NOT ONLY VOLTAGE BUT ALSO CURRENT BUT
PREDOMINANTLY BY

LEVEL OF CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH THE BODY

RESISTANCE OF BODY TO FLOW OF CURRENT

DURATION OF CURRENT FLOW

122
NEED FOR EARTHING(GROUNDING)

123
 WELDING
• Arc welding Fires & accidents are caused by:

Improper earthing of Welding Transformers and the Job.

Poor conditions of welding return cables

Bad housekeeping in welding areas.

Failure to protect inflammabe materials in surrounding

areas from welding sparks

124
 POINTS TO REMEMBER
TO PREVENT ELECTROCUTION

• FOLLOW SAFETY PROCEDURES STRICTLY.

• ONLY COMPETENT AND AUTHORISED PERSONNEL SHOULD
OPERATE/MAINTAIN/TROUBLE-SHOOT ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.
• USE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT(GLOVES,RUBBER MATS),
APPLIANCES(TOOLS PROPERLY INSULATED) RELEVANT TO THE VOLTAGE.
• MONITOR CONDITIONS OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION REGULARLY FOR
INSULATION & EARTHING.
• INSPECT CONDITION OF PORTABLE ELECTRICAL EQPT.BEFORE USAGE FOR
PROPER CONNECTION & EARTHING.

125
 MANAGING ELECTRICAL FIRES
• Switch OFF Power to the circuit/areas affected. Use water if area affected
is large after Power is switched OFF.
• If it is not possible to switch OFF, use
Dry Chemical Powder Extinguishers
CO2 Extinguishers
Halon Extinguishers as available
• Acquaint yourself with the locations and Method of using
these extinguishers

126
 ELECTRICAL BURNS
• TYPES
J0ULES BURNS - BY DIRECT CONTACT WITH LIVE CIRCUIT
FLASH BURNS - BY SPARKS OR FLASHOVERS

• EFFECTS
BURNS DUE TO ELECTRIC CURRENT ARE DEEPER THAN CAUSED BY FIRE
DIFFICULT TO ASSESS BY NAKED EYE.
NEEDS EXTENSIVE AND LONG TREATMENT DURATION

127
FIRST AID TO VICTIMS OF ELECTROCUTION
• Isolate the victim from electric supply without coming in body contact
with him.
• If conscious, remove him to a safer place. Keep his legs slightly up and his
head sideways. Keep him warm wrapping him adequately.
• If unconscious, loosen his clothing and commence artificial respiration and
call for medical assistance.
• If it is a minor burn, cool the affected part with running water till the pain
ceases.Do not apply any ointment without medical advice.

128
MARINE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
PART II

129
 Points to remember before
working on an HV Equipment
• Obtain PTW/Sanction- to- Test Permit before
commencing work

• Test and prove that the equipment is DEAD before

earthing.(with a HV line tester)

• Earth the equipment

130
 General Information
PERMIT-T0-WORK

• Issued by an authorised person to a

responsible person who will perform the task
of repair/maintenance
• Generally valid only for 24-Hrs. Permit to be
re-validated if work extends beyond 24 Hrs.
after issue
• Formats will vary and be customized for a
particular vessel/marine installation.

131
 PTW- BROAD GUIDELINES
• Prepared in Carbon-copied Duplicate and has atleast five sections.
• FIRST section states the nature of work to be carried out.
• SECOND section declares where electrical isolation and earthing have
been applied and where Danger /Caution notices have been displayed.
• THIRD section is signed by the Person receiving the Permit acknowledging
that he is satisfied with the safety precautions taken and the
Isolation/Earthing measures adopted.
• FOURTH section is signed by the Permit-holder that the work has been
completed/suspended.
• FIFTH Section is signed by the Issuing authority cancelling the Permit.

132
 Sanction to Test
safety Certificate
• When it is required to Test a HV equipment
using LV control supply, it will be necessary to
isolate the equipment from the main HV
supply but remove the earthing.
• In these circumstances, a Sanction-to-test
safety certificate is to be obtained from the
authorised person

133
HV LIVE-LINE TESTER

134
Portable Earthing Connectors

135
MARINE ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
A.Generator Protection
B.Emergency Power System
C.Earthed System

136
Marine Electrical Engineering

GENERATOR PROTECTION

137
 Protective Relays
• Generators are protected by a system of Protective Relays which may be
electro-magnetic or static (more common)
• Protective relays monitor the various parameters of the Generator like
Voltage, Current, Power etc. and when the parameters are above the
permitted level, act to trip the Generator Breaker to isolate and protect
the Generator.
• Number and type of Protective relay functions increase with the KVA
Rating and Voltage level.
• Some of the relays are instantaneous in action whereas some relays are
time-delayed.
• Settings for sensing level and time-delay must be periodically checked.

138
 Example of Protective
“Relaying”

+
PROTECTIVE RELAY CT SENSING NORMAL FULL LOAD CURRENT
(eg.OVERCURRENT RELAY- SET TO ACT ABOVE 5A)
5A PROTECTIVE RELAY "DE-ENERGISED"

CURRENT TRANSFORMER TRIP COIL OF BREAKER CONTACT OF PROTECTIVE RELAY "OPEN"

CT RATIO 200/5

TRIP COIL OF BREAKER IS NOT ENERGISED

- BREAKER REMAINS "CLOSED"

CONTACT MADE BY
200 A
PROTECTIVE RELAY

+
PROTECTIVE RELAY CT SENSING OVERLOAD
(eg.OVERCURRENT RELAY- SET TO ACT ABOVE 5A)
7.5 A
PROTECTIVE RELAY "ENERGISED"

CURRENT TRANSFORMER TRIP COIL OF BREAKER

CT RATIO 200/5 CONTACT OF PROTECTIVE RELAY "CLOSED"

TRIP COIL OF BREAKER IS ENERGISED

- BREAKER "TRIPPED"
CONTACT MADE BY
300 A
PROTECTIVE RELAY

139
 Tripping the Generator Breaker
TRIP COIL WILL BE ENERGISED IF
BUSBARS
ANY ONE OF TH E PROTECTIVE
R RELAY CLOSES ITS CONTACTS
Y
OR
B
IF TH E TRIP P.B. IS PRESSED

- TRIP SUPP LY +

GENERATOR BREAKER TRIP COIL TRIP P.B.

P ROTECTIVE RELAY 1

P ROTECTIVE RELAY 2

P ROTECTIVE RELAY 3
GEN

140
 Overcurrent Protection

OVERCURRENT RELAY TH E LINE CURRENT FROM TH E GENERATOR IS MONITORED BY

A CURRENT TRANSFORMER ON TH AT LINE.

IF TH E CURRENT EXCEEDS TH E VALUE SET IN TH E RELAY,

TH E RELAY ACTS TO TRIP OUT TH E GENERATOR BREAKER.

RELAY MAY BE INSTANTANEOUS OR TIME-DELAYED IN ACTION.

INSTANTANEOUS RELAY PROTECTS GENERATOR AGAINST EXTREMELY
H IGH OVERCURRENT AS CAUSED BY SH ORT CIRCUIT.

R TIME-DELAYED RELAY PROTECTS GENERATOR AGAINST BALANCED

OVERLOADING. SETTING USUALLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE MORE TH AN
FULL LOAD LINE CURRENT OF TH E GENERATOR

SIMILAR RELAYS ARE FITTED ON ALL TH E TH REE LINES OF TH E

GENERATOR.

EXCESSIVE LINE CURRENT IN ANY LINE WILL TRIP OUT TH E

GENERATOR BREAKER.

GENERATOR
INTERNATIONAL DEVICE CODE FOR TH E RELAY

INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY - 50

INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY - 51

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

141
 Unbalance Protection
(Negative Phase Sequence)

IN A BALANCED 3-PH . SYSTEM, I1 + I2 + I3 = 0

NPS RELAY WH EN TH E LINES ARE UNBALANCED, TH ERE WILL BE UNEQUAL

H EATING OF TH E STATOR WINDINGS. TH E UNBALANCE IS AN
INDIRECT MEASURE OF TH E GENERATOR STATOR AND ROTOR
TEMPERATURE.

I1 I2 I3
AN UNBALANCED SYSTEM GIVES RISE TO TH E FLOW OF NEGATIVE
R PH ASE SEQUENCE CURRENTS AND H ENCE TH E NAME NEGATIVE
PH ASE SEQUENCE RELAY.

DURING AN UNBALANCE, IF TH E DREGREE OF UNBALANCE EXCEEDS

TH E PERMISSIBLE VALUE, TH E NET VALUE OF CURRENTS
MONITORED BY TH E CURRENT TRANSFORMERS WILL ACTUATE
TH E NPS RELAY TO TRIP OUT TH E GENERATOR BREAKER.

TH E INTERNATIONAL DEVICE CODE FOR TH E RELAY - 64

GENERATOR

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

142
 Differential Protection

RELAY ACTS ON TH E DIFFERENCE OF CURRENT MEASURED AT

EACH END OF TH E STATOR PH ASE WINDING.
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
TH E CURRENT TRANSFORMER AT "A" MEASURES TH E CURRENT
AT ONE END OF TH E WINDING AND TH E CURRENT TRANSFORMER
"B" MEASURES TH E CURRENT FLOWING AT TH E OTH ER END.

IF TH ERE ARE NO INTERNAL FAULTS LIKE SH ORT-CIRCUITED

OR EARTH ED INTER-TURN COILS, TH E CURRENT MEASURED AT
BOTH ENDS WILL BE SAME AND TH E DIFFERENCE WILL BE ZERO.

ANY DIFFERENCE OF CURRENTS DUE TO ANY INTERNAL FAULTS

WILL CAUSE TH E RELAY TO TRIP OUT TH E GENERATOR BREAKER
A B

R SIMILAR RELAYS WILL BE PLACED FOR ALL TH E WINDINGS AND

DIFFERENCE MONITORED IN ANY ONE OF TH E WINDINGS WILL
TRIP OUT TH E GENERATOR BREAKER

(FOR TRAINING ONLY) INTERNATIONAL DEVICE CODE FOR TH E RELAY - 87

143
 Earth Leakage Relay
(Zero Phase Sequence Relay)

R
EARTH FAULT RELAY

AN EARTH FAULT (LEAKAGE) RELAY, ALSO CALLED TH E ZERO PH ASE SEQUENCE

B
RELAY, DETECTS AN EARTH FAULT CURRENT RETURNED TH ROUGH TH E EARTH ED
R

Y
NEUTRAL CONECTION

IN A H V SYSTEM, EARTH FAULT CURRENT IS LIMITED BY A H IGH IMPEDANCE

R
NER (NEUTRAL EARTH RESISTANCE)

B
R

Y
E/F RELAYS MAY BE INSTANTANEOUS OR TIME-DELAYED

NER INTERNATIONAL DEVICE CODE FOR TH E RELAY

INSTANTANEOUS - 50G INVERSE TIME - 51G
(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

144
 Under-voltage /Over-voltage
Protection
UNDERVOLTAGE/OVERVOLTAGE RELAY
A POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT) MONITORS TH E VOLTAGE
GENERATED BY TH E ALTERNATOR. IF TH E VOLTAGE FALLS
BELOW OR ABOVE TH E ACCEPTED LEVEL AND STAYS FOR
MORE TH AN A SET TIME, TH E RELAY WILL ACT TO TRIP
OUT TH E GENERATOR BREAKER.
PT
IN MANY SYSTEMS, TH E OVERVOLTAGE FEATURE WILL NOT
R BE USED.

UNDERVOLTAGE FEATURE IN GENERATOR SYSTEMS WILL

NOT ALLOW TH E GENERATOR BREAKER TO CLOSE IF TH E
GENERATED VOLTAGE IS BELOW 85% OF TH E RATED
VALUE.

UNDERVOLTAGE FEATURE OF TH E GENERATOR WILL ALSO

TRIP TH E GENERATOR BREAKER IF TH E BUSBAR VOLTAGE
FALLS BELOW 85% AND REMAINS SO FOR MORE TH AN
A SET TIME ( USUALLY 2 SECONDS)

GENERATOR
TH E INTERNATIONAL DEVICE CODE FOR TH E UV/OV RELAY
IS 27

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

145
 Reverse Power Protection
WH EN TWO OR MORE GENERATORS ARE IN PARALELL AND TH E
REVERSE POWER RELAY PRIME MOVER OF ONE OF TH E GENERATOR(S) FAIL, TH AT
GENERATOR WILL RUN AS A MOTOR DUE TO A REVERSE POWER
FLOW.
BUSBARS
A REVERSE POWER RELAY MONITORS TH E DIRECTION OF POWER
FLOW BETWEEN TH E GENERATOR AND TH E LOAD (BASBARS).
AND ACTS TO TRIP TH E GENERATOR BREAKER IN TH E EVENT
OF A REVERSE POWER FLOW

PT PT

RPR-1 RPR-2
TH E REVERSE-POWER PICK-UP LEVEL CAN BE PRE-SET BETWEEN
2-3% IN TH E CASE OF TURBINE AND BETWEEN 5-15% IN TH E CASE
OF A DIESEL PRIME MOVER

A TIME-DELAY OF 0.5 TO 3SEC IS USUAL.

TH E OPERATION OF TH E RP RELAY CAN BE CH ECKED DURING A

GENERATOR CH ANGE-OVER. TH E OUTGOING GENERATOR IS SLOWLY
TH ROTTLED DOWN SO TH AT IT MOTORS CAUSING ITS OWN
GENERATOR 1 GENERATOR 2 REVERSE POWER RELAY TO TRIP ITS BREAKER.

REVERSAL OF TH E POLARITY OF ANY OF TH E CURRENT

(FOR TRAINING ONLY)
TRANSFORMER CONNECTED TO TH E RPR CAN CAUSE ERRATIC
OPERATION OF TH E RELAY.

146
 Preferential Tripping
• It is essential to prevent interruption of services necessary to
maintain propulsion and navigation. Supply to these services
must be maintained even if other less important services are
sacrificed.
• Preferential Trips are designed to trip out supplies to less
important services in a phased manner thereby preventing
the generator breaker from tripping due to overloading of the
generator in the event of partial overload or loss of standby
source of power.

147
 Typical Preferential Tripping

TRIP TRIP TRIP TRIP

GEN.BKR GB FB 3 FB 2 FB 1
FB 3 FB 2 FB 1
(20 SEC) (15 SEC) (10 SEC) (5 SEC)

REFR.CARGO
DECK EQPT.
GEN

H VAC
148
 Winding Temperature
• Resistance Temp. Detectors (RTD), embedded
in the stator windings monitor the winding
temperature and can be used to indicate
temperature levels or actuate alarms/trips in
case temperature exceed permitted levels.

149
 Lock-out Relay
• Lock-Out Relay is responsible for tripping the
Generator breaker.
• It is a manual reset relay actuated by any one
of the protective relays.
• Cause of tripping to be analysed and
eliminated before manually resetting the Lock-
out relay.

150
 Typical Generator Protection
LINK
GENERATOR PROTECTION SYSTEM
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
NER
(H V SYSTEM)
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

N
R EL EARTH LEAKAGE RELAY
TH ERMAL
ALARM/TRIP
GEN Y MONITOR EL
B DIFF DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

UV/OV UNDER/OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

UF/OF UNDER/OVER FREQUENCY RELAY
DIFF
RP REVERSE POWER RELAY

OCIT OVER CURRENT INV.TIME RELAY

OCIT UV/OV
OC(INST) RP OC(INST) OVER CURRENT INST. RELAY
NPS UF/OF
NPS NEGATIVE PH ASE SEQ.RELAY

LO LOCK OUT RELAY

GEN.BRKR LO
FAULT TRIPS LINE PARAMETERS
ALARM ALARM/TRIP LINES

MAIN BUSBARS
( FOR TRAINING ONLY )

151
 Generator - Cooling
• Power losses cause internal heating of stator and rotor
windings.
• Embedded Temperature Detectors are used to monitor
the temperature of the windings
• Forced air circulation in a closed circuit via an air
cooler is made possible by a fan on the rotor shaft.
• Water circulation of the cooling air may also be found
used with generators of large size.

152
 Generator - Heating
• Internal condensation, taking place while the
generator is not running, can cause the
insulation resistance to decrease.
• Space heaters, energised at 220V, are fitted
inside the Generator. The heaters are usually
switched “on” automatically by an auxiliary
contact of the Generator Breaker when the
Generator is stopped.

153
MARINE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EMER.POWER SYSTEMS

154
 Sources of Electrical Power
• MAIN SOURCE of Electrical Power is intended to supply
electrical Power to the Main Switchboard for distribution to
all services necessary for maintaining the ship in normal
operational and habitability conditions. The Main Generating
Station is a space in which main source of power is situated,
normally the Engine Room.

• EMERGENCY SOURCE of electrical Power is a source of

Electrical Power, intended to supply the Emergency
Switchboard in the event of failure of the supply from the
main source of Electrical Power (MSB). Emergency source of
Electrical power is usually situated In Upper Deck.

155
 Swithcboards
• MAIN SWITCHBOARD
IS A SWITCHBOARD WHICH IS DIRECTLY SUPPLIED BY THE MAIN SOURCE OF
ELECTRICAL POWER(MAIN GENERATORS) AND IS INTENDED TO DISTRIBUTE
ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO THE SHIP’S SERVICES.

• EMERGENCY SWITCHBOARD
IS A SWITCHBOARD WHICH IS NORMALLY SUPPLIED WITH POWER FROM THE
MAIN SWITCHBOARD, AND IN THE EVENT OF FAILURE OF MAIN ELECTRICAL
POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM IS DIRECTLY SUPPLIED BY THE EMERGENCY SOURCE OF
ELECTRICAL POWER( AN EMERGENCY GENERATOR) OR THE TRANSITIONAL
SOURCE OF EMERGENCY POWER(BATTERY PACK ) AND IS INTENDED TO
DISTRIBUTE ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO THE EMERGENCY SERVICES.

156
 Operational Conditions
of a Vessel
• NORMAL OPERATIONAL AND HABITABLE CONDITION
A CONDITION UNDER WHICH THE SHIP AS A WHOLE , THE
MACHINERY,SERVICES,MEANS AND AIDS ENSURING PROPULSION,ABILITY
TO STEER,SAFE NAVIGATION,FIRE AND FLOODING SAFETY,INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS AND SIGNALS, MEANS OF ESCAPE AS WELL
AS THE DESIGNED COMFORTABLE CONDITIONS OF HABITABILITY ARE IN
WORKING CONDITION AND WORKINGNORMALLY.
• EMERGENCY CONDITION
A CONDITION UNDER WHICH ANY OF THE ABOVE SERVICES IS NOT IN
WORKING CONDITION DUE TO FAILURE OF THE MAIN SOURCE OF
ELECTRICAL POWER

157
 Essential Services in a ship
• ESSENTIAL(PRIMARY ESSENTIAL) SERVICES
SERVICES WHICH NEED TO BE IN CONTINUOUS OPERATION FOR MAINTAINING THE
VESSEL’S MANOEUVRABILITY WITH REGARD TO PROPULSION AND STEERING
*** Steering Gears
*** Main Engines/Electric Propulsion Plant
*** Azimuth Thrusters
*** All Auxiliaries connected with the above equipment
*** Pumps for controllable Pitch Propellers
*** Control, Monitoring and Safety Devices/Alarms for
above equipment
*** Ventilation necessary to maintain propulsion
*** Generators and associated power sources
supplying the above equipment

158
 Important Services in a Vessel
• IMPORTANT(SECONDARY ESSENTIAL) SERVICES
SERVICES WHICH NEED NOT NECESSARILY BE IN CONTINUOUS OPERATION FOR
MAINTAINING THE VESSEL’S MANOEURABILITY,BUT WHICH ARE NECESSARY FOR
MAINTAINING IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
*** Anchoring System
*** Fuel Oil Transfer Pumps and Fuel Oil Treatment equipment
*** LubeOil Transfer Pumps and Lube oil Treatment equipment
*** Starting and Service Air Compressors
*** Vent Fans for Engine room and gas-dangerous spaces
*** Navigational Aids and Lights
*** Fire Detection and alarm system
*** Main Lighting system
*** Watertight Doors closing applications
*** Control, Monitoring and Safety Devices for above equipment
*** Elec.Generators and Power sources for the above equipment

159
 Emergency Power Supply
SOLAS requirements - General
• A self-contained emergency source of electrical power
shall be provided
• The emerg. generator, switchboard and Transitional
source of emergency power to be located at the upper
deck and shall be easily accessible
• The power available shall be sufficient to supply all
those services that are essential for safety in an
emergency

161
 SOLAS requirements for Passenger Vessels-1
• The emergency source shall be capable of supplying
the following for 36 Hours
-Emergency Lighting
-Navigational Lighting
-Radio Communication
-Internal communication
-Navigational equipment
-Fire Detection and Alarms
-One of the Fire Pumps & Bilge Pumps - -
Sprinkler System

162
 SOLAS requirements for Passenger
Vessels-2
• The emergency source shall be capable of
supplying the following for 1/2 Hour

Watertight Doors
Passenger Lifts

163
 SOLAS requirements for
Cargo Vessels
• The emergency source shall be capable of supplying
the following for 18 Hours
-Emergency Lighting
-Navigational Lighting
-Radio Communication
-Internal communication
-Navigational equipment
-Fire Detection and Alarms
-One of the Fire Pumps & Bilge Pumps - -
Sprinkler System

164
A Typical Emerg. Power System
ALARMS/CONTROL SYSTEMS
EMERGENCY GENERATOR 440V
440V
24 V
L V SYSTEM
24 V
BATTERY
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

BREAKERS
INTERLOCKED 440V/220 V

440V EMERG.SWITCH BOARD EMERG.SWITCH BOARD

440V 220V

EM.FIRE PP RADIO TRANS-RECT

SPRINKLER
EM.BILGE PP. SETS 220V/24 V

EM.AIR COMP. TRANS-RECT

NAVAIDS&LTG
440V STRG.GEAR-2 220V/24 V

MSB STRG.GEAR-1
BATTERY 24 V

EMERG.LTG./POWER

MAIN GENERATORS 440V

165
Marine Electrical Engineering

EARTHING SYSTEMS

166
 Neutral Systems
(Insulated & Earthed)
INSULATED NEUTRAL SYSTEM EARTH ED NEUTRAL SYSTEM

R R

B B
Y Y
N

R
R

B
B
R

PROTECTIVE RELAY

R
PROTECTIVE RELAY Y
Y
N

***A SINGLE EARTH FAULT H AS NO EFFECT SINCE TH ERE IS NO

PATH FOR TH E LEAKAGE CURRENT TO FLOW. TH E EQPT. DOES
NOT TRIP AND CONTINUES TO RUN.
***REGULATIONS INSIST TH AT TANKERS H AVE ONLY INSULATED ***A SINGLE EARTH FAULT CAUSES AN EARTH LEAKAGE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. CURRENT TO FLOW SH ORTING ONE WINDING OF TH E GENERATOR
***AN EXCEPTION IS WH ERE A TANKER H AS A 3.3KV EARTH ED *** EARTH LEAKAGE CURRENT WILL CAUSE A TRIP SYSTEM TO
SYSTEM PROVIDED TH AT TH E EARTH ED SYSTEM DOES NOT EXTEND TRIP OUT EQUIPMENTS CONNECTED.
FORWARD OF TH E ENGINE ROOM BULKH EAD AND INTO TH E *** H 0WEVER, TH E LOSS OF SUPPLY TO A CLASSIFIED EQPT. LIKE
H AZARDOUS AREAS. STEERING GEAR CAN CAUSE A H AZARDOUS SITUATION.
( FOR TRAINING ONLY )

167
 Earth Fault Relay

R
EARTH FAULT RELAY

AN EARTH FAULT (LEAKAGE) RELAY, ALSO CALLED TH E ZERO PH ASE SEQUENCE

B
RELAY, DETECTS AN EARTH FAULT CURRENT RETURNED TH ROUGH TH E EARTH ED
R

Y
NEUTRAL CONECTION

IN A H V SYSTEM, EARTH FAULT CURRENT IS LIMITED BY A H IGH IMPEDANCE

R
NER (NEUTRAL EARTH RESISTANCE)

B
R

Y
E/F RELAYS MAY BE INSTANTANEOUS OR TIME-DELAYED

NER INTERNATIONAL DEVICE CODE FOR TH E RELAY

INSTANTANEOUS - 50G INVERSE TIME - 51G
(FOR TRAINING ONLY)

168
 Earth Fault Monitoring
L1
L2

L3 EXAMP LE INDICATION

E/F MONITORING BY
LAMPS
CONDUCTOR
EARTH FAULT ON L3

'TEST' PB

GEN LOAD
L1
L2

L3
E/F MONITORING BY
DC INJ ECTION

INSULATION
TO ALARM

A TYPICAL SINGLE EARTH FAULT K / mA

CURRENT
LIMITER
R E/F MONITORING

( FOR TRAINING ONLY )

169
 MARINE ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL PRACTICE FOR HAZARDOUS
AREAS/VESSELS

170
 Codes of Practice
• Codes of Practice formed by various classification
authorities (e.g. LRS/DNV/BV/ABS etc.) for Electrical
Installations in Ships and Offshore Installations where
Oil,Gas and liquid chemicals are handled are based on
“Publication 92 of the International Electro-
technical Commission.”
• Object of such codes is to prevent hazards of fire and
explosion in vessels/installations

171
 “Safe” and “Hazardous” areas

• Spaces and areas where explosive gas-air

mixtures may be expected are called dangerous
or hazardous areas
• All other areas are classified as safe

172
 Hazardous Areas

• Hazardous areas, is divided into Zone 0,

Zone 1 & Zone 2.
• Zone O - in which an explosive gas-air mixture is continuously present, or
present for long periods.-Interior spaces of oil cargo tanks, pipes, pumps
etc.
• Zone 1 - in which an explosive gas-air mixture is likely to occur in normal
operation.- enclosed/semi-enclosed spaces on the decks of a tanker, the
boiler firing area on a gas carrier and battery rooms.
• Zone 2 – in which an explosive gas-air mixture is not to occur likely in
normal operation and if it occurs, will exist for a short duration.-Open
spaces on the deck of a tanker.

173
 Tanker Classification
• Type A- intended for transport of non-boiling oil cargos
whose flash point is 60 C or less.
• Type B- intended for transport of non-boiling oil cargos
whose flash point is in excess of 60 C.
• Type C- Intended for transport of liquified petroleum
gas (LPG) or liquified natural gas (LNG)
• Type D- intended for transport of other inflammable
liquid cargos

174
 Gas-grouping of Electrical Apparatus
• The flammable gases, in which explosion-protected electrical equipment
are to operate, are grouped.
• Grouping is based on the amount of electrical arc energy required to
ignite the gas.
• GROUP I – Gases associated with mining industry.
• GROUP II – All other industrial gases.
• GROUP II is further sub-grouped as II A/B/C.
• Gas grouping affects the design of the protected electrical equipment.
• Equipment certified for use in Gr.II C can also be used for Gr.IIA and Gr.IIB .
• Eqpt. Certified for Gr. II B can also be used for Gr.IIA.
• Eqpt. Certified for Gr. II A can be used only for Gr. II A.

175
 Temperature Class for
Electrical Apparatus
• Temp.Class defines the maximum surface temperature of the
components in the electrical equipment under normal and fault
conditions.
• This class refers to a max.ambient temperature of 40C.
• The apparatus gas-grouping and Temp. Class are not related.
• Temp.Class Max.Surface Temp.
T1 450 C
T2 300 C
T3 200 C
T4 135 C
T5 100 C
T6 85 C

176
Types of Explosion Protection

177
 Exd - Flameproof Enclosures
• Must be strong enough to withstand internal explosion without any damage.
• Must prevent the internal flame and gases due to arcing from being transmitted to the
external atmosphere.
• External surface temp must remain below the ignition temp. of the surrounding gas under
normal and fault conditions.
• All joints,flanges,shaft and bearings are closely machined to achieve a small gap much less
than the permitted gap.
• This small gap cools the gas sufficiently to prevent it from igniting any external flammable
atmosphere.
• The gap depends on.
Apparatus gas-grouping
Width of the Joint
Volume of the enclosure
• The cable entry into an “Exd” must also be maintained flameproof by using a certified “Exd”
cable gland which prevents entry of explosive products into the enclosure through the cable

178
 Exi - Intrinsic Safety
• These are circuits in which no spark or
thermal effect is produced which can cause
ignition of an explosive atmosphere.
• The circuit conditions are limited to low
voltage(30V) and low current(50mA) and
restricts the use of “Exi” protection to low
power instrumentation,alarms and
communication circuits.

179
Exi - Cable Terminations

180
 Exe - Increased Safety Equipment
• Design is based on elimination of open sparking and
on close control of surface temperature.
• Extra insulation is used, creepage distances are
increased.
• Enclosure made to withstand impact and to prevent
ingress of solids and liquids.
• Applications include induction motors, light fittings
and connection boxes.
• Special “Exe” cable glands are used with Exe apparatus

181
 Electrical Testing
in Hazardous Areas
• No apparatus should be opened in a danger area until it has been
made dead and locked out.
• If power has to be switched on before the apparatus is re-
assembled, a gas detector should be used throughout the test
duration.
• IR Testing should be done only after the area is declared gas-free
using a megger of Exi design.
• The body material of instruments and tools required for
maintenance should be so designed that they will not make a hot
spark when dropped.
• Test leads of megger should be left connected for one minute after
test is finished

182
 Maintenance of Ex-protected
Equipment
• Maintenance must not, in any way, cause the operation
of the eqpt. to be less safe than in its original state
• Temporary repairs , refitting with wrong sized
components, missing out some of the cover bolts etc.
is absolutely forbidden
• Inspection and maintenance of Ex-protected
enclosures for light fittings, switches, JBs, PBs etc
requires meticulous care.

183
 Guide to the Inspection and Maintenance of a FP
Luminaire-1
• CORROSION
Ascertain extent of corrosion by proper cleaning. Repaint, if
necessary, to prevent further corrosion
• COVER BOLTS
Replace bolts by the same type/strength Ensure that no bolt
is missing. Do not over-tight bolts as this can distort
flamepaths, gaskets, lamp glasses etc.
• MOUNTINGS
Ensure that all mountings are secured properly and are
corrosion-free

184
 Guide to the Inspection and Maintenance
of a FP luminaire-2
• FLAMEPATHS
Examine flamepaths like flanges, mating surfaces etc. for signs
of corrosion and pitting. Cleaning of the flamepaths should be
done with a non-metallic scraper and/or a suitable non-
corrosive cleaning fluid. Lightly grease all flamepaths with
silicone grease
• CEMENT
If cement around the lampglass assembies inside and outside
is found eroded,softened or damaged, a complete lampglass
assembly should be fitted.

185
 Guide to the Inspection and Maintenance
of FP luminaire -3
• LAMPGLASS
If the lampglass is found cracked and broken, a new lampglass assembly is
to be fitted,
• LAMP
If the lamp is found fused, replace it with the right type and wattage.
• GENERAL CLEANLINESS
Remove any build up of dirt on the luminaire to avoid over-heating

186
Electrical Ignition of Gas

187
 Exn - Non-Sparking enclosures
• Equipment has no arcing contacts or hot
surfaces.
• Requirements are less stringent than Exe and
designs are very close to that of normal
electrical apparatus.
• Extra care to ensure locking of terminal
connections to avoid risk of sparking or
flashover.

188
Marine Electrical Engineering

HIGH VOLTAGE
SYSTEMS-PART I

189
 What is a H.V.System?

• In Industrial Practice,
Voltage upto & incl. 220V - L.V./L.T
Voltage above 220v upto 1100V - M.V.
Voltage above 1100V-110KV - H.V./H.T.
Voltages above 110 KV - E.H.V./E.H.T

190
 What is a H.V.System?

• In Marine Practice,

Voltages upto & Incl.1000V - L.V.

Voltages above 1000V - H.V.

191
 POWER EQUATION

AS PER OHMS LAW

POWER = VOLTAGE x CURRENT

For a given Power,

Higher the Voltage, Lesser is the Current

440 KW = 440,000 Watts = 440 Volts x 1000 Amps

1100 Volts x 400 Amps
11000 Volts x 40 Amps

192
 Advantages of utilising
High Voltage

• Higher voltage means Lower current, resulting in:

– Reduction in short circuit levels in the system
– Reduction in size of cables etc. for a given Power.
– Saving of Space and weight
– Reduction in cost of Installation
– Ease of Installation

193
Reduction in Short Ckt.Level

194
 Disadvantages of Using H.V
Systems

• Higher Insulation Requirements for cables

and equipment used in the system.
• Higher risk factor and the necessity for strict
adherence to stringent safety procedures.

195
Creepage Distances and Clearance

196
 Major Risk Factors in HV systems

• High inter-electrode capacitances present in

HV Systems
• Stored Energy in HV inductances
• Arcing,Sparks and creepage(Tracking) due to
Moisture,Low insulation, Loose connections
etc.

197
A Typical Power Cable

198
Inter-Electrode Capacitances

199
 Inter-Electrode Capacitances

• Two Conductors of Electricity (Electrodes) Separated by an insulating

media(e.g Two adjacent cores in a Power Cable) form a Capacitor while
carrying an Electrical Current. This is called an Inter-Electrode
Capacitance. While carrying an Alternating Current, they charge and
discharge during each half cycle.
• The Charging and discharging time of these inter-electrode capacitors
increase with the voltage between the conductors. Higher the voltage,
longer is the time for charging and discharging.
• The cores of a HV Power Cable retain their charge for a longer time even
after the circuit is de-energised posing a grave risk to anyone who
comes in accidental contact with the conductors after the circuit has
been switched OFF or de-energised.
• It is of paramount importance to ensure that conductors carrying HV
currents are not only switched off but also earthed and the charge held
by them discharged fully before allowing anyone to come in contact with
the conductors.

200
 HV inductances

• A large amount of self-induced and mutually-

induced voltages in inductive loads eg.
Motor&Transformer windings, take time to
discharge these voltages even after switching
OFF the loads and pose a safety risk similar to
inter-electrode capacitances.

201
Marine Electrical Engineering

HIGH VOLTAGE
SYSTEMS-PART II

202
 HV Circuit Breakers

• HV Circuit Breakers may be

Air-Break
Oil-Break
Gas-Break or
Vacuum-Break (Most Popular)
HV Vacuum Breakers are also used as
HV Contactors for Motor Control.

203
Vacuum Breaker

204
 Advantages of Using a
Vacuum Breaker.

• Vacuum has a high Dielectric Strength and ensures

» Shorter Contact Travel due to the High Dielectric Strength of the
vacuum and
» A shorter Arcing time resulting in lower arc energy.
• The above features ensure the following
» Compact quiet unit
» Minimum Clearance
» Non-flammable and non-toxic
» Contacts suffer lesser wear thereby ensuring longer life of the
breaker

205
 Testing of a Vacuum Breaker for Insulation

• Insulation integrity of the vacuum can be

checked by a Voltage Impulse tester which
produces a short duration voltage pulse
(usually twice the rated voltage of the
breaker). A weak insulation of the vacuum will
be detected as a current flow.
• Lower the Insulation strength, higher will be
this current.

206
SF 6 Breaker

207
 IR TESTS OF HV EQUIPMENT

• A 5000 VDC Megger, Hand-cranking or Electronic can be used for

equipments upto 6.6KV.
• For routine testing of IR, 5000 VDC must be applied for 1 minute
either by cranking at constant speed with a Hand-cranking megger
or by maintaining a 5000 VDC continuously by a PB in an Electronic
Megger.
• At prescribed intervals and particularly after a major repair work on
an equipment or switchgear, a Polarisation Index(PI) may be taken
to assess the condition of insulation of the equipment

208
 General Information
PERMIT-T0-WORK

• Issued by an authorised person to a

responsible person who will perform the task
of repair/maintenance
• Generally valid only for 24-Hrs. Permit to be
re-validated if work extends beyond 24 Hrs.
after issue
• Formats will vary and be customized for a
particular vessel/marine installation.

209
 PTW- BROAD GUIDELINES

• Prepared in Carbon-copied Duplicate and has atleast five sections.

• FIRST section states the nature of work to be carried out.
• SECOND section declares where electrical isolation and earthing have
been applied and where Danger /Caution notices have been displayed.
• THIRD section is signed by the Person receiving the Permit acknowledging
that he is satisfied with the safety precautions taken and the
Isolation/Earthing measures adopted.
• FOURTH section is signed by the Permit-holder that the work has been
completed/suspended.
• FIFTH Section is signed by the Issuing authority cancelling the Permit.

210
 Sanction to Test
safety Certificate

• When it is required to Test a HV equipment

using LV control supply, it will be necessary to
isolate the equipment from the main HV
supply but remove the earthing.
• In these circumstances, a Sanction-to-test
safety certificate is to be obtained from the
authorised person

211
HV LIVE-LINE TESTER

212
Portable Earthing Connectors

213
 Testing of Protective Relays in a
HV System

• As in LV systems, overall system protection in a

HV system is supervised by electro-magnetic
or Static relays.
• These relays are checked annually or as
required using either a Primary Injection test
or Secondary Injection test.

214
 POLARISATION INDEX ( PI )

• A PI test is conducted on the equipment when the

routine IR value tests are doubtful or during annual
refit or after major repairs are undertaken.
• PI value is the ratio between the IR value recorded
after application of the test voltage continuously for 10
minutes to the value recorded after 1 minute of
application.
• A PI value of 2.0 is considered satisfactory.
• A motor-driven megger is essential for carrying out a PI
test.

215