Conditionals and recursion

Floor division and modulus

• floor division operator, //, divides two numbers and rounds down to an integer
• Conventional division returns a floating-point number:
Example1:
minutes = 105
minutes / 60
Example2:
minutes = 105
minutes // 60
modulus operator % -divides two numbers and returns the remainder.
remainder = minutes % 60
remainder
Format function
Format
n = float(input())
print("{:.2f}".format(n))
Or
n=float(input())
print("The price is %.2f" %n)
Boolean expressions
• Returns either true or false
• Example:
5 == 5
5 == 6
True and False are special values that belong to the type bool; they are not string
type(True)
Relational operators
x != y # x is not equal to y
x > y # x is greater than y
x < y # x is less than y
x >= y # x is greater than or equal to y
x <= y # x is less than or equal to y
Logical operators: and, or, and not
• x > 0 and x < 10
• n%2 == 0 or n%3 == 0 either or both of the conditions is true
Conditional execution
• Ability check conditions and change the behavior of the program
accordingly
• if statement:
• Example
if x > 0:
print('x is positive’)
• If it is true, the indented statement runs. If not, nothing happens.
Alternative execution
• two possibilities and the condition determines which one runs
if x % 2 == 0:
print('x is even')
else:
print('x is odd')
Chained conditionals
• more than two possibilities and we need more than two branches
if x < y:
print('x is less than y')
elif x > y:
print('x is greater than y')
else:
print('x and y are equal’)
• elif is an abbreviation of “else if”.
Nested conditionals
• One conditional can also be nested within another
if x == y:
print('x and y are equal')
else:
if x < y:
print('x is less than y’)
else:
print('x is greater than y')
Nested conditionals
if 0 < x:
if x < 10:
print('x is a positive single-digit number.’)
or
if 0 < x and x < 10:
print('x is a positive single-digit number.’)
Or
if 0 < x < 10: print('x is a positive single-digit number.')
Recursion
• A function that calls itself is recursive; the process of executing it is called recursion
def countdown(n):
if n <= 0:
print('Blastoff!’)
else:
print(n)
countdown(n-1)
countdown(3)
Output:
3 2 1 Blastoff!
Stack diagrams for recursive functions
• the top of the stack is the frame
for _ _main_ _
• Main is empty because no
variables in _ _main_ _
• four countdown frames have
different values for the
parameter n
• bottom of the stack, where n=0,
is called the base case.
Infinite recursion
• If a recursion never reaches a base case, it goes on making recursive
calls forever, and the program never terminates.
def recurse():
recurse()
Keyboard input
Python provides a built-in function called input to get input from user
text = input()
Fruitful functions
Return values
• Returns the area of a circle with the given radius
def area(radius):
a = math.pi * radius**2
return a
• Fruitful function the return statement includes an expression.
• Return immediately from this function and use the following expression as a
return value
def area(radius):
return math.pi * radius**2
Iteration
• ability to run a block of statements repeatedly
• Reassignment: : Assigning a new value to a variable that already
exists.
• Updating variables: x=x+1
while statement
def countdown(n):
while n > 0:
print(n)
n=n-1
print('Blastoff!')
• flow of execution for a while statement
• 1.Determine whether the condition is true or false.
• 2. If false, exit the while statement and continue execution at the next
statement.
• 3. If the condition is true, run the body and then go back to step 1
Strings
• string is a sequence of characters
• access the characters one at a time with the bracket operator
• Example:
fruit = 'banana’
Print(fruit[1])
Print(fruit[1.5])
• len is a built-in function that returns the number of characters in a
string
• len(fruit)
Traversal with a for loop
• while loop: • For loop
index = 0 for letter in fruit:
while index < len(fruit): print(letter)
letter = fruit[index] Example:
print(letter)
index = index + 1
prefixes = 'JKLMNOPQ’
suffix = 'ack’
for letter in prefixes:
print(letter + suffix)
String slices
• segment of a string is called a slice. Selecting a slice is similar to selecting a character
s = 'Monty Python’
s[0:5]
s[6:12]
• operator [n:m] returns the part of the string from the “n-eth” character to the “m-eth”
character
• Including the first but excluding the last
• fruit = 'banana’
• fruit[:3]
• fruit[3:]
• fruit[3:3]
• fruit[:]
Strings are immutable
• greeting = 'Hello, world!’
• greeting[0] = 'J’
• TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
• can’t change an existing string
• create a new string that is a variation on the original
greeting = 'Hello, world!'
new_greeting = 'J' + greeting[1:]
new_greeting
O/P: 'Jello, world!'
Searching
def find(word, letter):
index = 0
while index < len(word):
if word[index] == letter:
return index
index = index + 1
return -1
Looping and counting
• program counts the number of times the letter a appears in a string
word = 'banana'
count = 0
for letter in word:
if letter == 'a’:
count = count + 1
print(count)
String method
• method is similar to a function—it takes arguments and returns a value,but the syntax is
different
• function syntax upper(word)
• method syntax word.upper()
• word = 'banana’
• word.upper()
• word.find('a’) # find starts at the beginning of the string and return the index
• word.find(‘na’) # find substrings, not just characters
• word.find('na', 3) # a second argument represent the index where it should start
• name.find('b', 1, 2) # third argument optional argument represents the index where it
should stop
• name = 'bob’
• name.find('b', 1, 2)
• O/P: -1
 in operator
• 'a' in 'banana’
• O/P: True
• 'seed' in 'banana’
• O/P:False
String comparison
• The relational operators work on strings. To see if two strings are equal:
if word == 'banana’:
print('All right, bananas.')
• Other relational operations are useful for putting words in alphabetical order:
if word < 'banana’:
print('Your word, ' + word + ', comes before banana.')
elif word > 'banana’:
print('Your word, ' + word + ', comes after banana.')
else:
print('All right, bananas.’)
Note: uppercase letters come before all the lowercase letters
Eg:Your word, Pineapple, comes before banana.