HAMLIN COLLEGE OF

MIDWIVES
‘’A midwife for every women’’
CHAMISTRY GROUP ASSIGNEMENT
PREPERD BY
1. Tsige—Tessema-----------0010/HCM/2023
2. Zenebua—Mirkuz---------0011/HCM/2023
3. Fekerte--Tadele --------0007/HCM/2022
 Objectives
 5.1. Electromagnetic Energy
 5.1.1. Characteristics of light
 5.1.2. Quantization and photons
 5.2.Bohr model
What Is Electromagnetic Energy?
 Electromagnetic energy is radiant energy that
travels in waves at the speed of light.
 It can also be described as radiant energy,
electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic waves,
light, or the movement of radiation.
 Electromagnetic radiation can transfer of heat.
Electromagnetic waves carry the heat, energy, or
light waves through a vacuum or a medium from
one point to another. The act of doing this is
considered electromagnetic energy.
Some characteristics of EMR
1. They are produced by the oscillation of electric charge
and magnetic field residing on the atom.
2. they are characterized by their wave lengths and
frequencies or wave numbers.
3. The energy carried by an electromagnetic radiation is
directly proportional to its frequency.
 The emission or absorption of radiation is quantized

and each quantum of radiation is called photon.

4. All types of radiation travel with the same velocity and
no medium is required for propagation.
5. When visible light is passed through a prism, it split up
into seven colors which correspond to definite wavelength.
Units of light wave
i. Wave-length(λ): is the distance between two adjacent crests or troughs in a
particular wave.
ii. Wave-number(˜ν ): is the reciprocal of wave-length expressed in
centimeters, inverse centimeter. v=1/λ
iii. Frequency(v): is the number of waves which can pass through a point in
one second and its unit is second inverse or hertz(Hz).
iv. Speed is the product of wave length and frequency.
v. Energy of a wave of the particular radiation can be calculated by applying
the relation:
 E=hv, but v=c/λ
 E =hc/λ, but (˜ν )=1/λ h- plank’s constant
 E =hc(˜ν ) h=(6.62606957×10-34 J•s )
c= speed of light
c= 2.998 × 108 m/s
 Energy is directly proportional to wave number but universal proportional to
wave length.
5.1.1. Characteristics of Light
 The five main characteristics of light are:
 1. Light is made up of packets of energy called photons - Although
light is a wave, these waves could gain or lose energy only in finite
amounts related to their frequency, this packets of energy are called
photons.
 2. It is relatively narrow in the band of electromagnetic waves - It
ranges from400-700nm between infrared and ultraviolet rays, so it
is relatively narrow.
 3. It travels very fast at a speed of 3×108ms-1.- All forms of
electromagnetic radiation move with a speed of 3×108ms-1 in
vacuum.
 4. It has both particle and wave characters - quantum mechanics
proved light to have both particle and wave nature.
 5. Light travels the fastest in vacuum - since there is no obstruction
in vacuum for the propagation of light, light travels fastest in
vacuum.
 Waves
 A wave is an oscillation or periodic movement that can
transport energy from one point in space to another.
Common examples of waves are all around us. Shaking the
end of a rope transfers energy from your hand to the other
end of the rope, dropping a pebble into a pond causes waves
to ripple outward along the water's surface, and the
expansion of air that accompanies a lightning strike
generates sound waves (thunder) that can travel outward for
several miles. In each of these cases, kinetic energy is
transferred through matter (the rope, water, or air) while the
matter remains essentially in place.
 Waves need not be restricted to travel through matter.

 These waves can travel through a vacuum at a

constant speed of 2.998 × 108 m/s, the speed of light (denoted

by c).
 All waves, including forms of electromagnetic
radiation, are characterized by, a wavelength
(denoted by λ, the lowercase Greek letter lambda), a
frequency (denoted by ν, the lowercase
Greek letter nu), and an amplitude
 the wavelength is the distance between two

consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave (measured

in meters in the SI system).
 The frequency is the number of wave cycles that pass a
specified point in space in a specified amount of time (in
the SI system, this is measured in seconds). A cycle
corresponds to one complete wavelength. The unit for
frequency, expressed as cycles per second [s−1], is the
hertz (Hz). Common multiples of this unit are
megahertz, (1 MHz = 1 × 106 Hz) and gigahertz (1 GHz
= 1 × 109 Hz). The amplitude corresponds to the
magnitude of the wave's displacement.
 The amplitude is related to the intensity of the wave,

which for light is the brightness, and for sound is the

loudness.
 Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional:
As the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases
Example
Determining the Frequency and Wavelength of Radiation
A sodium streetlight gives off yellow light that has a
wavelength of 589 nm (1 nm = 1 × 10−9
m). What is the frequency of this light?
Solution
We can rearrange the equation c = λν to solve for the
frequency:
V=c/λ
Since c is expressed in meters per second, we must also
convert 589 nm to meters.
V =(2.998 × 10 8 )m/s /509nm)(1× 10 9nm/m)=5.09 ×
10 14/s
5.1.2. Quantization and Photons
The Photoelectric Effect
 It had been observed that electrons could be ejected
from the clean surface of a metal when light having a
frequency greater than some threshold frequency was
shone on it. Surprisingly, the kinetic energy of the
ejected electrons did not depend on the brightness of
the light, but increased
 with increasing frequency of the light. Since the

electrons in the metal had a certain amount of binding

energy keeping them there, the incident light needed
to have more energy to free the electrons.
 According to classical wave theory, a wave's
energy depends on its intensity (which depends
on its amplitude), not its frequency. One part of
these observations was that the number of
electrons ejected within in a given time period
was seen to increase as the brightness increased.
In 1905, Albert Einstein was able to resolve the
paradox by incorporating Planck's quantization
findings into the discredited particle view of light
(Einstein actually won his Nobel Prize for this
work, and not for his theories of relativity for
which he is most famous).
 Einstein argued that the quantized energies that Planck
had postulated in his treatment of blackbody radiation
could be applied to the light in the photoelectric effect
so that the light striking the metal surface should not
be viewed as a wave, but instead as a stream of
particles (later called photons) whose energy depended
on their frequency, according to Planck's formula,
E = hν (or, in terms of wavelength using c = νλ, E = hc/λ)
Electrons were ejected when hit by photons having
sufficient energy (a frequency greater than the threshold).
The greater the frequency, the greater the kinetic energy
imparted to the escaping electrons by the collisions.
 Einstein also argued that the light intensity did not
depend on the amplitude of the incoming
wave, but instead corresponded to the number of
photons striking the surface within a given time
period. This explains why the number of ejected
electrons increased with increasing brightness,
since the greater the number of incoming photons,
the greater the likelihood that they would
collide with some of the electrons.
 With Einstein's findings, the nature of light took on
a new air of mystery. Although many light
phenomena could be explained either in terms of
waves or particles, certain phenomena, such as the
interference patterns obtained when light passed
through a double slit, were completely contrary to a
particle view of light, while other phenomena, such as
the photoelectric effect, were completely contrary to a
wave view of light. Somehow, at a deep fundamental
level still not fully understood, light is both wavelike
and particle-like. This is known as wave-particle
duality.
Example 5.2
Calculating the Energy of Radiation
When we see light from a neon sign, we are observing radiation
from excited neon atoms. If this
radiation has a wavelength of 640 nm, what is the energy of the
photon being emitted?
Solution
We use the part of Planck's equation that includes the wavelength,
λ, and convert units of
nanometers to meters so that the units of λ and c are the same.
E= hc/λ

E = (6.626 × 10−34J/s)(2.998 × 108m/s) / (640nm) (1m/109nm)

E = 3.10 × 10-19J
 5.2. The Bohr Model
 Neil Bohr proposed the Bohr;s model in 1915. Bohr’s
atomic model was developed by a modification to
Rutherford’s atomic model. Rutherford’s concept
established the nuclear model of an atom, in which a
positively charged nucleus is surrounded by negatively
charged electrons. Thomson’s and Rutherford’s atomic
models failed to answer any queries about an atom’s
energy and stability. In this aspect, Bohr’s model or
Bohr’s atomic model shows an advancement in the study
and findings.
 Bohrused the quantum theory developed by
Planck and the photo electric theory
developed by Einstein to formulate his model
of the hydrogen atom.
 The following are the chief characteristics of the atomic model
given by Niels Bohr.

Negatively charged electrons revolve around a positively charged
nucleus in an atom. These electrons have definite circular paths
known as orbits or shells.

 Each of the circular paths has fixed levels of energy and are
called orbital shells in terms of this atomic model.

 The energy levels of electrons at different orbits are

represented by n= 1, 2, 3…. (integers) and are known as quantum
numbers. These numbers are assigned to the shells such as K, L,
M, N for 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. The lowest energy level of an
electron is n=1 which is closest to the nucleus and is generally
said to be the ground state.
Postulates of the Bohr Atomic
Model
 Bohr proposed that in an atom electron is
revolving around the nucleus in a definite
circular path called orbits or shells
 These orbits are called ‘stationary orbits’ and

each orbit or shell possesses fixed energy.

 The energy levels are represented by an integer

called quantum numbers where n=1,2,3,.....

These integers n=1,2,3,....indicate principal
quantum numbers i.e. orbits that can be
assigned as K,L,M&N. Thus, the electron in the
lower energy state is called the ground state.
 The change in energy will occur when the
electron jumps from one orbit to another orbit.
 The electron gains energy when it jumps from

a lower energy level to a higher energy level

and the electron loses its energy as it jumps
from the higher energy to a lower energy level.
 The electron's angular momentum is

quantized in its orbitals. So, electrons can

move only those permissible orbits that should
be an integral multiple of h2π where h is the
Planck's constant.
The bohor model introduce several key
concepts that helps that helped to explain the
behavior of electrons in an atom are
1.The electron in a hydrogen atom travels
around the nucleus in circular path called orbit.
2.The energy of an electron in an orbit is
directly proportional to its distance from the
nucleus.
3.Orbits are quantized.
4. As long as an electron stays in a given orbit, it neither
gains nor loses energy. A definite amount of energy is
absorbed when an electron jumps from lower orbit to
higher orbit and emitted in the form of light when it falls
in to a lower energy orbit.
IΔE I=Ef - Ei=hv=hc/λ
In this equation, h is Planck’s constant and Ei and Ef are
the initial and final orbital energies,
respectively. The absolute value of the energy difference
is used, since frequencies and
wavelengths are always positive. Instead of allowing for
continuous values of energy, Bohr
assumed the energies of these electron orbitals were
quantized:
En = - k/n2, n=1,2,3…….
In this expression, k is a constant comprising
fundamental constants such as the electron
mass and charge and Planck’s constant.
Inserting the expression for the orbit energies
into the equation for ΔE gives
ΔE=k(1/n12-1/n22)=hc/λ
1/λ=k/hc(1/n12-1/n22)
What are the limitations of bohor
model
 The nuclear model appeared in 1915. He
made sense of electrons and their circle in his
hypothesis. But there are several limitations
like “Bohr’s model of an atom” fails to explain
the “Zeeman effect” and violates the
“Heisenberg uncertainty principle”.
 a few limitations were seen in Bohr’s Atomic
Model. These are:
1. Bohr’s model was applied only to the unimolecular systems.

2. It could not explain the spectral line spectrum of Hydrogen

Atoms.

3. Bohr’s model of an atom failed to explain the “Zeeman Effect”.

4. It doesn’t make sense of the stark impact, i.e. the effect of an

electric field on the spectrum of Hydrogen atoms.

5. It violates the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.

6. It couldn’t make sense that the spectra were from bigger

particles.
THANK YOU!!!