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The Processor

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THE PROCESSOR

Objectives
 Students should be able to:

 Define what a processor is


 State the role and functions of a processor
 Give examples of microprocessors
 Identify different types of microprocessors
 Distinguish between the different type of processors –
e.g. Dual core, quad core, core 2 duo, Pentiums.
 Identify the major processor manufacturers
 Explain the processing cycle
What is a Processor?
The processor/CPU/microprocessor is a chip that can
be found in a computer and other electronic devices
such as routers.
It sits on the motherboard of the computer.
The processor signficantly impacts over all computing
power and manages most of a computer’s operations.
Roles and Functions of the Processor
 The processor acts as the brain of the computer. It interprets and
executes instructions that are used for the operation of the
computer. The processor allows the computer to perform
numerical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division. Another responsibility of the processor is to carry
out the execution of the instructions that are stored in memory.

 Basic functions include:


Fetch instructions
Decode Instructions
Execute Instruction
Store Results
Components of the CPU:
Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Registers
Diagram of the Central Processing Unit

Arithmetic and
Control Unit Registers
Logic Unit
The Control Unit
The control unit is responsible for all control signals in
the processor.
It is considered the brain of the processor because it
gives orders to almost everything and ensures
instruction are correctly executed.
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit
The arithmetic and logic unit is responsible for
performing all mathematical, logical, and decision
operations in a computer.
After the information is processed by the arithmetic
and logic unit, it is then passed to memory for storage.
Registers
Registers are high speed storage locations that
temporarily hold data and instructions that are being
processed by the central processing unit.
Registers provide fast access to data.
Bus
The bus is the circuit that provides a path for
transmission of data/information between the
components of the central processing unit.
Diagram of the Machine Cycle/Fetch-
Execute Cycle
Fetch Instruction
(Random Access Memory to Control Unit)

Place Result in I-Time Decode Instruction


Memory (Control Unit)
(Arithmetic and Logic
Unit to Random E-Time
Access Memory)

Execute Instruction
(Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
The Machine Cycle
The machine cycle is the cycle of operations performed by
the processor to process a single instruction.
The speed of the processor is how long it takes to
complete a machine cycle.
The machine cycle is made up of instruction time (I-Time)
and execution time (E-Time).
I-Time is the time it takes to perform the instruction phase.
It is made up of the time to fetch and decode instructions.
E-Time is the time it takes to perform the execution phase.
It is made up of the time to execute instructions and store
results.
The Machine Cycle Explained
1. Fetch Instruction:
The CPU fetches an instruction from main memory/RAM
and passes it to the control unit in the form of numbers.
2. Decode Instruction:
The control unit decodes and interprets the instructions that
were fetched from RAM.
3. Execute Instruction:
The arithmetic and logic unit performs its arithmetic and
logic operations on the decoded instruction.
4. Place Result in Memory:
The result received from the arithmetic and logic unit is
stored in main memory.
Examples of Microprocessors
AMD Ryzen 3 Intel I3
AMD Ryzen 5 Intel I5
AMD Ryzen 7 Intel I7
Intel I9
Types of Microprocessors and Examples
 Single Core - (eg. AMD Sempron 145)
This is a processor that has only one core. This limits the processor to
being able to start only one operation at a time.
 Dual-Core - (eg. AMD Phenom II X2)
This type of processor has two cores. It is like having two processors in
one chip. This type of processor can start two operations at the same
time.
 Tri-Core - (eg. AMD Phenom X3 8750)
This is a processor with three independent cores. Each core can
perform an operation independently of the other cores.
 Quad-Core - (eg. AMD Phenom II X4)
This is a processor with four independent cores. Each core can perform
an operation independently of the other cores.
Types of Microprocessors and Examples
Continued

Hexa-Core - (eg. AMD Phenom II X6)


This is a processor with six independent cores. Each core
can perform an operation independently of the other
cores.
Octo-Core - (eg. Intel Xeon E7-2820)
This is a processor with eight independent cores. Each
core can perform an operation independently of the other
cores.
Deca-Core - (eg. Intel Xeon E7-2850)
This is a processor with ten independent cores. Each core
can perform an operation independently of the other
cores.
Major Processor Manufacturers
Advanced Micro Devices Incorporated[AMD] (US)
Intel Corporation (US)
VIA Technologies Incorporated (Taiwan)
Bought Cyrix Corporation and Centaur Corporation
Terms we came across in the processor
topic (read up on them):

Socket Hyper Threading


Clock  Dual Core Hyper-
threading
Core
Hyper Transport
 Dual Core
 Quad Core Simultaneous
Cache Multithreading
Transistors (SMT)
Simultaneous
Multiprocessing
(SMP)
References:
Fundamentals of Infrmation Tehnology, Book 2,
Second Edition – S.Collins-Robinson
Just Click for Jamaica – Student’s Handbook, Second
Edition – Alison Page, Janice Steele, Aggett Crosbie,
Denzle Murray, Nicoleen Rhoomes
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/processor
https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/
docs/Control_unit.html

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